ABSTRACT
Guinea
worm disease is a disease that has eaten deep into the bone marrow of most
developing countries especially in the rural areas of these countries, though
efforts has been made and still being made it has to be treated or fought
severely for it to be entirely eradicated. That is why the researcher embarked
on this research to study and bring out the roles of radio and interpersonal
communication in the eradication of guinea worm using Nkalagu community as a
case study. The work will be divided into five chapters to allow it to be
treated better. Chapter one will comprise or contain from the brief
introduction of the study to the scope and limitation of the research. Chapter
two will be reviewing relevant literatures on the roles of radio and interpersonal
communication in the eradication of guinea worm. Chapter three will deal on the
methodology and strategies that will be used in the collection of data for the
research, then this data that has been collected will be carefully and clearly
presented in tables and interpreted in chapter four while chapter five will
give the summary, conclusion and recommendations for further study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page ................................................................... ii
Approval
page ........................................................... ii
Dedication................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements...................................................... iv
Table
of contents......................................................... vii
Abstract....................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study ...................................... 1
1.2
Statement of research problem ............................ 3
1.3
Objectives of the study.......................................... 3
1.4
Significant of the study ........................................ 4
1.5
Research questions .............................................. 5
1.6
Research hypotheses ............................................ 6
1.7
Operational and conceptual definition of terms
.. 8
1.8
Assumptions of the study...................................... 11
1.9
The scope and limitations of the study ................. 12
References .......................................................... 15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources
of literature ............................................. 16
2.2
Literature review................................................... 16
2.2.1
A Brief overview of communication.................... 16
2.2.2
The history of radio: an electronic medium of
Mass communication ................................................. 19
2.2.3
A brief history of interpersonal communication.. 21
2.2.4
A brief history of guinea worm........................... 23
2.2.5
Life cycle of dracunculus medinensis.................. 24
2.2.6
Treatment of guinea worm................................. 27
2.2.7
Social and economic impact of guineaworm...... 28
2.2.8
Endemic areas ................................................... 29
2.2.9
Declaring guinea worm disease eradicable......... 30
2.2.10
The roles radio has played in the eradication
of guineaworm in Nkalagu............................... 33
2.2.11
The roles interpersonal communication has
played in the eradication of guinea worm
in
Nkalagu ....................................................... 35
2.2.12
with efforts made so far does guinea worm
still exist? ......................................................... 38
2.2.13
Barriers of the eradication of guinea worm ..... 39
2.2.14
Suggestions on the ideal roles of radio
and
interpersonal communication in the
eradication
of guinea worm in Nkalagu ............. 41
2.3
Theoretical framework........................................... 43
2.4
Summary of literature........................................... 46
References .......................................................... 47
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design.................................................... 49
3.2 Area
of the study................................................... 50
3.3
Population of the study ........................................ 51
3.4
Sample and sampling techniques ......................... 51
3.5
Instrument for data collection .............................. 53
3.6
Method of data collection ..................................... 54
3.7
Validity of the instrument ..................................... 54
3.8
Method of data analysis ........................................ 55
References .......................................................... 56
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
4.1
Data analysis......................................................... 57
4.2
Test of hypotheses................................................ 67
4.3
Discussion and interpretation of result.................. 75
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Summary .............................................................. 78
5.2
Conclusion ............................................................ 79
5.3
Recommendations ................................................ 80
Bibliography .......................................................... 82
Appendix
............................................................. 85
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Guinea worm disease also known as
DRACUNCULIASIS or MEDINA WORM is a very serious disease that has been a thorn
in the flesh of man.
It is one of the most documented human
parasites with tales of its behaviour reaching as far back as the second
century B.C. This disease which has been in many places but mostly significant
in Africa countries like Sudan, Mali, Ghana, Ethiopia and Nigeria is only
contracted when a person drinks any water that has been contaminated with the
larvae or walks unprotected in infected waters.
Nevertheless
in Nigeria
especially in Nkalagu community in Ebonyi
State this disease
affected more people due to the fact that they drink from ponds, Streams and
rivers without getting the water treated. The rate of the disease drew the
attention of the media who noticed that many people contract this disease out
of ignorance and lack of social amenities, like bore hole and pipe borne water
in the community, the media used radio because of it’s characteristics of
breaking all language barriers, cheaper to afford and wide reach to tell the
people precautionary measures to take so as not to contract this disease.
The
radio also created awareness to the government and other people to come to the
aid of Nkalagu people with infrastructure and fund for treatment of infected
persons, then they used interpersonal communication to organize seminars and
talks shows where the people are being educated on everything they need to know
about the disease and how to prevent it from reoccurring.
The
study of the roles of interpersonal communication and radio in Nkalagu, in the
eradication of guinea worm is necessary because the previous efforts though
reduced, did not eradicate this disease, so the researcher using Nkalagu
community want to establish and document
their ideal roles in eradication of this disease so that it will serve as a reference material
in case of any further occurrence in the community of any other place, and also
enhance the quest and fight for eradication.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
In Nkalagu community in Ebonyi state
people suffer from guinea worm disease because they drink from ponds and
streams, and the media using interpersonal communication and radio have failed
in their quest to eradicate this disease, that is why the researcher embarked
on this research to find out the main roles they play or the ideal roles they
are meant to play towards the total eradication of this disease.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OR PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Every movement by man requires focus that
is why the objectives of this study are:
1.
To
ascertain or discover how interpersonal communication and radio educate and
expose man to his environment
2.
To
ascertain the roles of both interpersonal communication and radio towards the
eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu community.
3.
To find
out how effective they are in their eradication roles or programmes.
4.
To
examine the problems and prospectects of interpersonal communication and radio
in the eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at exposing the
roles of interpersonal communication and radio in the eradication of guinea
worm especially in Nkalagu community.
From
this the knowledge of the ruralites will be widened to initiate and carryout
eradication programmes or projects on their own when the need arises.
To
students as well especially those of them in the health sector, they can learn
on how communication enhances the eradication of guinea worm in rural areas.
For
organizations especially Word Health Organization (WHO), United Nation
International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and others who fight or are
fighting seriously against this disease to see that it is eradicated, this work
will guide them on the best way to approach eradication programmes especially
in rural areas where the disease is rampant by exposing to them how effective
and easier interpersonal communication and radio will make the whole programme.
In
conclusion the government as the last resort in a country should see to it that
they get rural dwellers involved in any of the project they are embarking on
especially eradication projects because they constitute 70% of the populace.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. Is communication necessary in the effort of
eradicating guinea worm?
2. Are radio and interpersonal communication
suitable as media of communication for this eradication exercise?
3. Is radio more effective than interpersonal
communication in reporting each new case or development of the disease
anywhere?
4. Is interpersonal communication more
persuasive than radio in educating the rural dwellers on preventive and simple
control measures?
5 Is interpersonal communication more
effective than radio in treatment of infected persons?
6. Can radio be of far reach and generally
understandable than interpersonal communication when it comes to message
transmission?.
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The following hypothetical statements
are to be tested
H1: communication
is necessary in the effort of eradicating guinea worn
Ho: communication
is not necessary in the effort of eradicating guinea worn
H2: Radio
and interpersonal communication are suitable as media of communication for this
eradication exercise.
Ho: Radio
and interpersonal communication are not suitable as media of communication for
this eradication exercise.
H3: Radio
is more effective than interpersonal communication in reporting each new case
or development of the disease any where.
Ho:
Radio is not more
effective than interpersonal communication
in reporting each new case or
development of the disease any where.
H4: Interpersonal
communication is more persuasive than radio in educating the rural dwellers on
preventive and simple control measures of guinea worm.
Ho: Interpersonal
communication is not more persuasive than radio in educating the rural dwellers
on preventive and simple control measures of guinea worm.
H5: Interpersonal
communication is more effective than radio in treatment of infected persons.
Ho: Interpersonal
communication is not more effective than radio in treatment of infected
persons.
H6: Radio
can be of far reach and generally understandable than interpersonal
communication when it comes to message transmission.
Ho: Radio
can not be of far reach and generally understandable than interpersonal
communication when it comes to message transmission.
1.7 OPERATIONAL
AND CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
It is important to note before going
further that the researcher put up a working definition of the following terms.
Role, Radio, Interpersonal
Communication, Eradication and Guinea worm as anchors through which this
research work is conducted.
1. Role:
According to oxford advanced learners dictionary role is the function or
position that somebody has or is expected to have in an organization, in a
relationship or in a society.
Operationally: Roles are functions
that radio and inter personal communication are expected to perform towards the
eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu.
2. Radio: According to Okunna in her introduction to mass
communication radio is an audio medium of broadcasting in electronics family
that has the capacity to cut through the barriers of illiteracy and
infrastructural facilities which could limit the ability of the print media to
reach large audience.
Operationally: Radio is an audio
medium of broadcasting in electronics family, which has the capacity to cut
through the barriers of illiteracy and infrastructural facilities in the
eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu community.
3. Interpersonal Communication: Is
viewed by Miller as a type of communication that occurs between or among a small
group of communicators usually in two face setting with opportunity for
immediate feedback.
Operationally: It is a type of communication that
occurs between stakeholders and other personnel’s sent for seminars or talk
shows in eradication of guinea worm programme, and the members of the society
or community the programme is meant for usually in two face setting with
opportunity for immediate feedback.
4. Guinea worm: It is a parasitic infection caused by
nematode dracunculus medinensis, it is also knows as dracunculiasis or medina
worm.
Operationally: This is a parasitic infection caused by
nematode dracunculus medinensis, and it is the disease that its eradication in
Nkalagu is being talked about.
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS
OF THE STUDY
In
this study it is assumed that any role played by radio and interpersonal
communication in the eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu is a welcome
development.
It
is assumed that radio and interpersonal communication encourages or enhances
guinea worm eradication in Nkalagu community.
That
interpersonal communication and radio carryout adequate coverage of the
ruralities in guinea worm eradication programme in Nkalagu community
That there is no language barrier in the use of radio and
interpersonal communication in eradication of guinea worm in Nkalagu community.
That
Nkalagu community dwellers receive willingly all the health programmes by the
government and organizations and the ones aired on radio concerning guinea worm eradication.
And
finally that the use of native language by radio and personnel’s sent or
selected by the community to interpret to them in their native language what is
being said during lecturers, seminars and talks shows, encourages the
participation of more people in the eradication programme and their
co-operation too.
1.9 THE
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is to use the
people of Nkalagu community to determine the roles interpersonal communication
and radio play in the eradication of guinea worm.
The
residents of Nkalagu community have suffered seriously and continuously from
this disease for many years, and most of the time those that suffer from this
disease constitute children under 5 – 10 years, teenagers under 10 – 18 years
and adults from 18 and above.
Due to the fact that most of them are
illiterates and most of them children, the use of radio that cuts across
language barriers and interpersonal communication made the study easier.
This
areas was chosen by the researcher so that it will enable her generate data
that will bring answers to the research questions.
It was also used because it has the
environmental criteria required for the study.
Despite
these things there are problems that the researcher is bound to encounter.
Finance: The money the researcher has may not
be adequate for the project and it will make her unable to go far and
wide, and to subscribe to get information that are needed for the project.
Time: It is another problem because a specific time was given to
the researcher for the execution of this project, the work may be rushed to
meet up with time given and he may not have enough time to relax and do the
work perfectly.
Movement: During the collection of data due to
the bad roads in the area the researchers movements to the remotest parts of
the community may be hindered.
Non compliance: Some of the people will not be polite
enough to answer questions when asked and many of them may not comply with the
researcher leading to difficulties in gathering of answers from the
respondents.
Illiteracy: The quality of the response may be
adversely influenced by the level of education of the respondents.
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