ABSTRACT
The study
attempted to investigate the perception of undergraduate student towards the
use of contraceptives at the University
of Lagos. In this study,
relevant and extensive literatures were reviewed under relevant sub-heading.
Also, the descriptive survey research design was used in the assessment of the
respondents’ opinions with the use of the questionnaire and the sampling
technique.
A total of
150 (one hundred and fifty) students in the Faculty of Education were used as
participants in this study, thereby representing the entire population of the
students at the Faculty of Education, University of Lagos,
Akoka.
Equally, 3
(three) null hypotheses were formulated and tested with the use of the Pearson
Product Moment Correlational Coefficient Statistical tool at 0.05 level of
significance. While the bio-data and the research questions were analysed with
the use of the simple percentage frequency counts.
At the end
of the analyses, the following results were obtained:
(1)
Hypothesis one revealed that there is a significant
relationship between students’ perception and the use of contraceptives at University of Lagos.
(2)
Hypothesis two indicated that there is a significant
relationship between students’ use of contraceptives and avoidance of
pregnancies.
(3)
It was found in hypothesis three that a significant
gender difference exists in the use of contraceptives amongst students at the University of Lagos.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
Chapter
One:
Introduction
1.0
Background to the Study 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 3
1.2
Purpose of the Study 3
1.3
Research Questions 4
1.4
Research Hypotheses 4
1.5
Significance of the Study 5
1.6
Limitation of the Study 6
1.7 Delimitation of the Study 7
1.8
Definition of Terms
Chapter
Two: Literature Review 9
2.0 Introduction 9
2.1
Method of Contraceptives 9
2.2
Concept and Nature of Contraceptives and Family Planning 18
2.3
Origin and Evolution of Family Planning 21
2.4
The Benefits of Contraceptive 25
2.5
Causes of Increase in Population Growth and Rise in
Fertility Rates 26
Chapter Three: Research
Methodology 29
3.0 Introduction 29
3.1 Research Design 29
1.2
Population of the Study 29
1.3
Sample Size and Sampling Technique 30
1.4
Instrumentation 30
1.5
Procedure for Data Collection 30
1.6
Data Analysis Procedure 30
Chapter Four: Data
Analysis and Interpretation 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Descriptive
Analyses of Respondents’ Bio-Data According to
Department, Course of Study,
Level of Studentship, Age, Sex,
Marital Status and Religious
Backgrounds 31
4.3 Descriptive Analysis of Research Questions
together with
Respondents’ Responses from the Questionnaires 35
4.4 Testing of Hypotheses 41
4.5 Summary of Findings 43
Chapter Five: Summary,
Conclusions and Recommendations 44
5.1 Introduction 44
5.2 Summary of Study 44
5.3 Conclusions 45
5.4 Recommendations 45
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Background to the
Study
By the time young people reach fourteen
or sixteen years of age, their biological development is established. Most
puberty changes have occurred and most of their physical attributes are set
(Cross 1992). Still, the teen years are considered by most authorities in
development to be the most stressful. Personal appearance and social popularity
grow to be overwhelming forces in teens’ daily life. According to Darroch and
Singh (2000), teenagers naturally make sexual behaviour a part of attaining
peer affirmation. A teen may be asked, dared or may even belittled into proving
solidarity with the peer group by performing sexual acts (Lewis and Lewis,
2004). As Ounyea (1994) puts it, research studies have shown that teenagers
consistently submit to sexual pressures even without any inducement from peers.
Hein (2001) observed that sexuality
education for adolescents must present materials perceived as relevant to them,
in a factual manner that avoids the appearance of preaching or admonishment.
Adolescents of this level, possess a strong sense of autonomy. They easily
detect in adult, especially their teachers, hidden strategies designed to alter
their behaviour or thinking. Course material and exercises examining
reproduction, contraception and communication are among the more meaningful at
this stage, but prevention of sexual assault and information on sexual
variables also generated interest among adolescent (Dryfold, 2003). At this
stage, students requires contemporary information and the use of
contraceptives.
The average student today in higher
institutions especially at the University
of Lagos, grew up in the
pill era and simply assumes that highly effective methods of contraception are
available. It is difficult sometimes to remember that this has been true only
for about the last three decades and previously contraception was a hit-or-miss
affair at best (Adekeye, 2000). According to him, contraception is less
controversial than it once was (except for the issue of side effects).
Today, there are variety of reasons for
an individual student at the higher institution to use contraceptives. Munoye
(1998) states that many girls these days do not want to go into pregnancy and
then abort their careers at school, this is why they prefer to take pills in
order to avoid unwanted pregnancies or to get involved in premature marriages
before completion of their education.
According to Anyanwu (2002) there are
many methods of contraceptives in the society. These include the condom; the
withdrawal method; the intrauterine contraceptives device, the diaphragm, the
spermicides, the douching methods etc. Among all the methods of preventing
unwanted pregnancies by the youths in schools, the condom and the pills are the
most commonly needed or are used. Apart from its side effects, the variety of
pills are used by women in many society today. This is because of its relative
effectiveness. Also, the 90% of women, especially girls in various school at
the tertiary level, use condoms as preventives methods in pregnancies. This is
because, the condom is easy to use and has virtually no side effect after use.
Therefore students both male and female prefer to use them, apart from deriving
sexual pleasures they perceived prevention of pregnancy gives them assurance (Uzodike,
2003; Alani, 2002 and Adedoyin, 2004).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
The
problem of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents or teenagers of school age, has
been a daily concern to both parents and teachers, and even the youths
themselves. This is because many youngsters, especially the female ones, have
abruptly stopped schooling due to problem of unprotected sexual activities such
as sex without condom and or without taking pills after sex. Findings shows
that majority of our youth have even contracted the sexually transmitted
diseases (STD), apart from the unwanted pregnancies, this has cut short the
lives of most youths in terms of contacting the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome and the HIV. While some others have ended their educational careers,
through their premature pregnancies.
The above problems resulted in the
investigation of the perception of undergraduates towards the use of
contraceptives at the University
of Lagos.
1.2
Purpose of the
Study
The objectives of this study include
1)
To find out whether undergraduates students take
contraceptives or not.
2)
To investigate whether there is relationship between the use
of contraceptives and avoidance of pregnancy.
3)
To examine the pregnancy rate among undergraduate students
of University of Lagos.
4)
To assess the level of awareness of contraceptives among
female students at University
of Lagos.
5)
To identify the different types of contraceptives available
for students use.
6)
To find out whether there is gender differences in the use
of contraceptives amongst students.
1.3
Research Questions
The
following research questions:
1.
Do undergraduate students take contraceptives or not?
2.
Was there any relationship between the use of contraceptives
and avoidance of pregnancies?
3.
To what extent can the pregnancy rate among undergraduate
students of University
of Lagos be examined?
4.
Was there high pregnancy rate among undergraduates of University of Lagos due to non-use of contraceptives?
5.
How can the different types of contraceptives be identified?
6.
Is there gender difference in the use of contraceptives
among students at the University
of Lagos?
1.4
Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study:
2.
There will be no relationship between students perception
and the use of contraceptives.
3.
There will be no significant relationship between students
attitudes and their use of contraceptives.
4.
There will be no significant gender difference in the use of
contraceptives among students.
1.5
Significance of the
Study
The
study will be beneficial to the following individuals:
1.
Students who are in the tertiary institutions, especially at
the University of Lagos, would find this study very helpful because the
findings and recommendations would be help them identify some of the important
contraceptives that are available for use and their effectiveness in preventing
pregnancy and contracting of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, syphilis etc. This
study would enable students to know the most save and effective contraceptives
to take in order to avoid after effects. This study will enable students to not
only identify some available contraceptives, but know their strengths and
weaknesses.
2.
Teachers would equally benefit from the recommendations and
findings of this study because it will enable them to identify some contraceptives
students use; their effectiveness or otherwise even their after effects to
students health and vitality. Teachers (Lecturers) would find this study quite
revealing as its finding would go a long way in helping the perception of their
students towards the use of some contraceptives and their effects on them.
3.
Parent would find this study very useful as its findings and
recommendations would help them to identify some important contraceptives
needed by their children at school, especially the undergraduate students at
the University of
Lagos. This study will
help parents know the most effective contraceptives and their usefulness or
otherwise to their children at school. With the findings and recommendations of
this study, parents would be able to identify some of the contraceptives that
may be useful to them also, in their family planning.
4.
The Federal Ministry of Health will see this study as a
great asset, as its findings and recommendations would enable the ministry to
be abreast with the challenges facing those who use contraceptives that are not
effective especially the fake ones and this knowledge will assist the ministry
to tackle the problem of fake and adulterate drugs in Nigeria.
5.
The society will also benefit from this study because the
content of this study will help people in the larger society to appreciate the
roles contraceptives play in birth and population control. This study will be a
reference point to both students, new researchers, old researchers and the
general public.
1.6
Limitation of the
Study
The
study examines the perception of undergraduate students toward the use of
contraceptives at the University
of Lagos, Akoka in the
Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. In this study, finance, time,
sourcing of materials and other logistics would be some constrain on the
completion of this project work.
1.7
Delimitation
of the Study
This
study is set to examine the perception of the University of Lagos
undergraduates’ perceptions towards the use of contraceptives. The study was
carried out at the Faculty of Education, University of Lagos,
Akoka, in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.8
Definition
of Terms
Operational
terms were defined in this study in the following ways:
(1)
Contraception:
Birth control by prevention of conception or impregnation. This refers to the
most common method of sterilization. The most effective temporary methods are
nearly 99% effective if used consistently and correctly.
(2)
Consistency:
This is a term which refers to the continued rate or frequency things happen or
take place. It means repeated occurrence of an event.
(3)
Reproduction:
This means the process by which organisms replicate themselves, assuring the
continuation of their species. The two basic forms are asexual and sexual.
Asexual reproduction (e.g. fission, spore formation regeneration and vegetative
reproduction) produces an offspring generally identical to its single parent.
Sexual reproduction produces a new individual through the union of special sex
cells (gametes) usually from different parents.
(4)
Pregnancy:
This refers to the process of human gestation that takes place in the female’s
body as a fetus to birth. It begins from when a male sperm contact with the
female egg in the fallopian tube.
(5)
Perception:
This is the process of registering sensory stimuli as meaningful experience.
The dividing line between sensation and perception has varied according to how
the terms are defined.
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