ABSTRACT
Sugarcane
Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane is squeezed for its
juice. Bagasse ash is obtained by subjecting Bagasse to calcinations using
furnace. This work is aimed tat using Bagasse Ash as a replacement in the
production of concrete.
The
bagasse was collected from dumped in a market in Kano and thereafter sun-drie
to eliminate any trace of moisture. It was then taken to the blast furnace for
calcinations(controlled burning) at a temperature of 1250OC for 25minutes.The ash was then weighed and sieved with a
90μm standard sieve and the quantity retained on the sieve (black carbon) was
weighed and discarded. The ash collected was investigated and its
chemical compositions were obtained. Normal Consistency and Setting time for
Cement and bagasse ash were determined. The concrete was batched using mix
ratio 1:2:4 and the cement was replaced in varying percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% using Bagasse ash. Thereafter, the concrete was cured for 7, 14,
21, and 28days and its properties both in fresh and harden state were
determined.
The
result for Normal consistency of cement was achieved at 35% of water cement
ratio (140ml of water added) which is equal to 34mm penetration. While Normal
consistency for Bagasse ash was achieved at 33% of water Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA ) ratio (132mls of water added) which is equal to 35mm penetration. Hence, the cement and bagasse ash are
satisfactory for normal consistency of 34 to 35% range of specification. The Slump of the concrete shows a slight reduction
as the bagasse ash content increases. Also, the results of the
compressive strength of concrete at 20%
replacement has highest compressive strength of 19.94N/mm2 at 28 days.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Titled page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
List of Table vii
List of Figure viii
CHAPTER
ONE: PREAMBLE
1.1
Preamble 1
1.2
Statement of problem
2
1.3
Aims and Objective 4
1.4
Justification 4
1.5
Scope of the study 5
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concrete
6
2.2 Properties of Concrete 7
2.2.1 Fresh properties 7
2.2.2
Hardened properties 7
2.3
Components of Concrete 7
2.3.1
Ordinary Portland Cement 7
2.3.2
Aggregates
2.3.3 Water 8
2.3.4 Admixtures 8
2.4 Cement 8
2.4.1 Types of cement 9
2.4.1.1 Portland cement 9
2.4.1.2 Portland pozzolana cement 11
2.4.2 Physical Properties of cement 12
2.4.2.1 Fineness 13
2.4.2.2 Consistency of cement paste 13
2.4.2.3 Setting time 14
2.5 Pozzolans
14
2.6 Cementitious
Material 15
2.6.1 Fly
ash 16
2.6.2 Lime
stone 18
2.6.3 Condensed
Silica Fume 18
2.7 Bagasse 19
2.8 Previous
Work Done 20
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Material
Sourcing 25
3.1.1 Bagasse
Ash 25
3.1.2 Cement 25
3.1.3 Aggregate 25
3.1.3.1 Fine Aggregates 26
3.1.3.2 Coarse aggregate 26
3.2
Research Procedure 26
3.2.1 Production of Bagasse Ash 27
3.2.2 Characterization of Bagasse Ash 28
3.2.3 Test on Bagasse ash and cement 28
3.2.3.1 Finesses Test 28
3.2.3.2 Normal Consistency Test 29
3.2.3.3 Setting time test (Initial and
Final) 30
3.2.4
Test on aggregate 31
3.2.4.1 Sieve Analysis 31
3.2.4.2 Specific gravity and absorption
capacity 32
3.2.4.3 Moisture content 33
3.2.5 Preparation
of Concrete Specimens and Mixing Procedure 34
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Characterization
of Bagasse ash and cement 35
4.1.1 Physical
properties of cement and Bagasse ash Result 38
4.1.2 Chemical
composition of sugarcane Bagasse Ash 38
4.2 Result
on Sieve Analysis 40
4.2.1 Grain
size distribution for Bagasse Ash and OPC Cement 40
4.2.2
Results for Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 41
4.2.3 Result for Sieve Analysis of
Coarse Aggregate 42
4.3 Workability
Test (Slump Test) 44
4.4 Average
compressive strength Result 45
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
47
5.2 Recommendation 47
Reference
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Typical
composition of ordinary Portland cement
10
Table 2.2
Chemical Requirement for pozzolan 16
Table 3.2 Mix proportion for the concrete work 35
Table 4.1 Physical properties of cement and Bagasse
ash 38
Table 4.2 Chemical
composition of cement and SBA 39
Table 4.3 Grain Size distribution for bagasse ash
and OPC Cement 40
Table 4.4 Sieve analysis results for fine aggregate 41
Table 4.5 Sieve analysis results for coarse
aggregate 43
Table 4.6 Concrete Slump
Test 40
Table 4.6 Average Compressive Strength 42
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 3.1 Diagram
of sugarcane Bagasse ash 26
Figure 4.1
Graph for gradation of Bagasse ash and cement 37
Figure 4.2 Graph
for sieve analysis of fine aggregate 39
Figure 4.3 Graph for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
41
Figure 4.4 Concrete
Slump Test 42
Figure 4.4.1 Average Compressive Strength 43
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
Concrete is the most commonly used
construction material in the world. It is basically composed of two components:
paste and aggregates. The paste which acts as binder contains cement, water and
occasionally admixtures; the aggregate contains sand and gravel or crushed
stone (Naik and Moriconi, 2003). The aggregate are relatively inert filler
materials which occupy 70% to 80% of concrete and can therefore be expected to
have influence on its properties( Mindess and Young, 2003).he
infrastructural needs of developing countries have lead to huge increase in
demand for Portland cement. According to BAU scenario, cement consumption will
grow at high rate on world level in the year
2000-2030 ,the 1600 Metric tones of cement consumption in 2000 will
increase almost two folds to 2880 Metric tons by 2030, implying an annual 2%
grow rate (Nurdeen and Shahid, 2010).
Cement is one of the constituents of
concrete and of very high technical benefits, but expensive and environmentally
unfriendly material. (Naik and Moriconi,
2006). Therefore, requirements for economical and more environmental friendly
cementing material have extended interest in other cementing materials that can
be used as supplement for Ordinary
Portland cement. Ground granulated furnace slag, fly ash etc have been used
successfully for this purpose, Ordinary Portland Cement is frequently used as a
major construction material in the country and the world at large. It is considered as a durable material
of construction. However, the environmental issue is on the increasing side, as
Portland cement is responsible for about 5%-8% global carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions due to it high demand (Jayminkumar and Raijiwala,2015). Researchers all over the worlds are
searching out on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste as a
source of raw material for industries. This waste utilization will not only aid
the economy but will also bring about foreign exchange earnings and
environmental pollution control.
Sugarcane
is an agricultural product from which Bagasse Ash is obtained after squeezing
out the sugary water in the sugarcane and subjecting it to heat by incinerating
the residue through control burning to form ash. (Patcharin et al., 2009) . Bagasse is the fibrous residue leftover when sugarcane
is squeezed for its juice (Osinubi and Stephen, 2005). The Sugarcane Bagasse
creates environmental nuisance due to poor disposal which in turn forms garbage
heaps (Oyejobi and Lawal, 2014). According to (Barroso and Bareras, 2000) one
ton of sugarcane can generate 280kg of
Bagasse waste. In the Northern part of
Nigeria there is high production of sugarcane due to the soil and
weather condition which favorably supports the farming of sugarcane and
consequently there is abundant generation of Sugarcane Bagasse/residue waste
which cause economic as well as environmental related issue. To solving these
issues, enormous effort have been towards the Bagasse ash waste management. But
there are yet no adequate research about the usefulness of sugarcane residue in
the country, very little value is being attached to Bagasse. The residue has
been found to be used for primary fuel source and also, for paper production.
However, incinerating it to ash and adopting it as a good pozzolan adds to its
economic value. The advancement in technology and desire for safer environment
has stimulated the sense of economic reuse and proper management of material
earlier discarded as waste. According to( Oriola and Moses, 2010), industrial
activities often lead to depletion of natural resources, a process that may
result in the accumulation of by-product and/or waste material. It is need of
time to rise to the use of cement replacement materials in the concrete which
can reduce the significant amount of cement consumption due to the hazardous
effect of CO2 to the environment. The incinerating of organic waste
of sugarcane i.e. Bagasse Ash contains pozzolanic material, Therefore, it is
highly recommended to conduct research on Bagasse and their impact on concrete
behavior, and also be adopted has a suitable replacement of cement in concrete
1.2 Statement of Problem
The production of cement is one of the
most environmental unfriendly processes due to the emission of carbondioxide
gas (CO2) to the atmosphere.
Portland cement is responsible for about 5%-8% global carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions constituting environmental problem or impact which may likely be on
the increased due to exponential demand of Portland cement (Jayminkumar and
Raijiwala, 2015).
In addition to its negative
environmental impact, cement is also one of the most
expensive materials when compared to the other constituents of concrete. The
problem of high cost of cement is also a major concern of the construction
industry (Anum and Williams, 2003).
The Sugarcane Bagasse creates
environmental nuisance due to poor disposal which in turn form garbage heaps,
if left to rot, will breakdown and release greenhouse gases, particularly
methane, which is 27 times more dangerous to the Ozone than carbon-dioxide.(Australia
Clean Energy Council)
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research work is to
investigate the suitability and effectiveness of bagasse ash as a partial
replacement of cement in concrete.
The
objectives of this research work includes:
i. Characterization of Bagasse Ash and to
see if it exhibits pozzolanic property
ii. Determination
of influence of varying bagasse ash on properties of concrete both in fresh and
hardened states
1.4 Justification of the Study
The advancement in technology and
desire for safer environment has stimulated the sense of economic reuse and
proper management of material earlier discarded as waste. But there are yet no
adequate research about the usefulness of sugarcane residue in the country,
very little value is being attached to Bagasse. The residue has been found to
be used for primary fuel source and also for paper production. However,
incinerating it to ash and adopting it as a good pozolan adds to its economic
value. This waste utilization will not only aid the economy but will also bring
about foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control.
1.5 Scope of study
The research focuses on the
determination of the suitability of Bagasse ash as a replacement for cement in
concrete and construction works. The optimum percentage of bagasse ash required
to provide the desired strength when cement was replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,and
20% sugarcane bagasse ash. Thereafter, the following tests compressive
strength, Sieve analysis, density, consistency and setting time were carried
out in order to evaluating the influence of
bagasse ash on concrete.
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