ABSTRACT
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var florida (Fries) Singer was cultivated on different agro-wastes, Andropogongayanus straw and oil- palm bunch,in the ratio of control (100% Andropogongayanus straw), 70% Andropogongayanus straw +30%oil palm bunch , 50%+50% of Andropogongayanus straw and oil palm bunch, and 60% Andropogongayanus straw +40% oil palm bunch. The fruit-body yield of the mushroom on the four substrates and the effects of the substrates on the proximate composition of the fruit-bodies viz, moisture content, dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ash content, ether extract, carbohydrate, calorific value and nitrogen contents of the fruit-bodies were investigated. The investigations showed that Andropogon + oil-palm bunch in the various ratios produced various quantities of fruit-bodies. However, Fruit-bodies produced in 70% + 30% and 60% + 40% (22.75 ± 7.80) and (22.75 ± 4.80) respectively were significantly higher in number than those of the control and 50% + 50% (6.50 ±4.12 and 12.75 ± 8. 75) respectively. (Fig. 1) Similarly, Moisture content was highest in 50% + 50% substrate and lowest in control. Substrate 70%+30%, produced fruit-bodies with higher crude protein, crude fibre, ash, contents than those of the other substrates. The carbohydrate content of the fruit-bodies from all the substrates were quite high but not significantly different. The growth characteristics of the fruit-bodies from 70%+30% were also better than those of the other substrates. The results show that 70%+30% substrates appeared richer than the other substrate combinations and are therefore recommended.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Title
page i
Declaration
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Table
of content vi
List
of tables viii
List
of plates ix
Abstract
x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Definition
of Mushroom 2
1.3 Pleurotus Species. 2
1.3.1 Scientific Classification 3
1.4 Nutritional and Food Values of oyster
Mushrooms 3
1.5 Objective
of study. 6
1.6 Historical
Information on Oyster Mushroom. 6
1.7 Justification 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Medicinal
Value 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 12
3.1
Source of spawn 12
3.2 Spawn
multiplication 12
3.3 Substrate
Preparation and Inoculation. 13
3.4. Preparation
of Cropping Rooms 13
3.5. Inducement
of Fruit body Formation 13
3.6. Measurement
parameters (Growth/Yield) 14
3.6.1 Size
of mushroom 14
3.6.2 Stipe size of mushroom 14
3.6.3 Fruit body number of the mushroom 14
3.6.4. Determination of yield and Biological
Efficiency 14
3.7 Nutritional Analysis 15
3.7.1 Sample preparation 15
3.7.2 Proximate Analysis of fruit bodies
growing on different substrate 15
3.7.3 Fruit-body weight 15
3.7.4 Determination of crude protein 15
3.7.5 Determination of thecarbohydrate content of
the sample 16
3.7.6 Determination of fats and oils. 16
3.7.7 Determination of moisture content 17
3.7.8 Determination of the ash content of
fruit-bodies 17
3.7.9
Determination of crude (dietary fiber) 17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 19
4.1 Result 19
4.2 Discussion: 24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 26
APPENDIX 27
REFERENCE 30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The result of the
proximate analysis (in percentage) ` 21
of Pleurotus OstreatusFruit bodies grown in Andropogon straw and oil palm waste.
Table 2: Growth
characteristics of Pleurotus Ostreatus
grown 24
in Andropogon straw and oil palm waste.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
1: Fruit-bodies of Pleurotus Ostreatus
growing from hole on the plastic pails
Plate 2: Spawn
bottles of Pleurotus Ostreatus
Plate 3: Substrate
pasteurization
Plate 4: The
researcher show-casing the products of her project
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cultivation
of mushroom has been in vogue for almost 300 years. Although we enjoy mushrooms
today as an everyday vegetable, mushroom recognition dated back to ancient Egyptian
times. The use of mushroom as food is
attributed to one of the Pharaohs, who decreed them “too fine a food to be
eaten by the common people (Anna, 2010).
The
common name “oyster mushroom” refers to several species of edible mushrooms
belonging to the genus Pleurotus. In Nigeria, the most priced edible species
are Pleurotus, Termitomyces, Tricholoma
and Volvariella species (Zoberi, 1972).
Mushrooms cultivation serves as the most
efficient and economically viable Biotechnology for the conversion of lignocellulosic waste materials into high
quality protein. This will naturally open up new job opportunity especially in
rural areas (Fasidi et al., 1993),
(Hussain, 2001). Mushrooms are known to grow on a wide variety of substrates
and habitats (Adesina et al., 2011).
Most of the edible fungi have strong enzyme system and are capable of utilizing
complex organic compounds, which occurs as agricultural wastes and industrial
by-products. Hence various agricultural by-products are being used as
substrates for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Raymond et al., 2013). The agricultural wastes
are converted into edible biomass in the form of fruit-bodies. Mushroom, due to
their documented probiotic properties, (Bobek et al., 1991), (Stamets, 1993). (Wasser and Weis, 1999), (Manzi and
Pizzoferrato, 2000) (Wang et al; 2000),
(Rajewska and Balasinka, 2004), have relatively high nutritive value, and
recommended in numerous countries as an addition to the daily diet (Kalac and
Svodo, 2000), (Isilogu et al., 2004),
(Bernas et al., 2006). Oyster mushroom
cultivation can play an important role in managing and recycling of organic
waste as an alternative to other methods of disposal (Nirmalendu and Mukherjee,
2007).
1.2
.
Definition of Mushroom
Mushroom
is a general term used mainly for the fruiting - bodies of macro - fungi of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota groups and represents only a short reproduction stage
in their life cycle (Das, 2010).
They
are rich sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals (Anna 2010). Mushrooms grow on decay
organic matters rich in lignnin, cellulose and other complicated carbohydrates,
and on large quantities of agro-industrial wastes that are produced worldwide
often causing environmental and health problems (Gregori, and Svagel 2007).
Mushroom
can be epigeous or hypogenous, can be large enough to be seen with the unaided eyes and can be picked by hand (Chang and
Miles, 1992). There are edible and poisonous
mushrooms and both categories posses nutrient and medicinal values.
The
ever growing need of cheap nutritious foods and the lack of protein in
developing countries have led to the development of mushroom cultivation
initiative (Yildiz et al., 1997, and Crains, 2000).
1.3 PLEUROTUS SPECIES.
Pleurotus ostreatus,
the oyster mushroom, is one of the common edible mushrooms. It was first
cultivated in Germany in subsistence measure during world war and is now grown
commercially around the world for food. It is related to the similarly
cultivated king oyster mushroom. Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrial
for myco-remediation purposes.(Das,2010).
1.3.1 Scientific Classification
Pleurotus ostreatus can be classified as follows: -
Kingdom Plantae (Mycota)
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Pleurotaceae
Genius Pleurotus
Species P. ostreatus
1.6
Nutritional and Food Values of oyster Mushrooms
Mushrooms
like other edible mushrooms, have a long association with human kind and
provide profound biological and economic impact. From ancient times, wild
mushrooms have been consumed by man as delicacy probably because of their taste
and pleasing flavor (Das, 2010). They have rich nutritional value with high
content of proteins, vitamins, minerals, Fibers, trace elements and low or no
calories and cholesterol (Wiani et al.,
2010).
Edible
mushrooms are common ingredients in soups and salads and can also be served as
a side dish. The nutritional value of mushrooms depends on the type of the
agricultural waste used for its production. White mushrooms contain 26 calories
of energy per hundred gram of fruiting body. These have 43% carbohydrates, less
than 1% of fat, 3.9% protein and are also rich riboflavin, niacin and
pantothenic acid (Robinson, 2011).
In
Nigeria, Mushrooms are consumed not only as food and for their medicinal
values. The rural dwellers consume mushrooms as delicacies in soups and as
ingredients for seasoning soups.
Oyster
mushroom showed relatively more yield on control treatment of cotton waste as
compared to other substances. The maximum biological efficiency was obtained in
Kaikar sawdust which was 50.12%. Among all substrates, sawdust of Kaikar proved
the best substrates for the effective cultivation of Oyster mushroom.
Moonmoon et al., (2010) studied King Oyster
mushroom Pleurotus eryngii on sawdust
and rice straw in Bangladesh and found that saw dust showed thehighest
biological efficiency (73.5%) than other strains. He also reported the yield on
sawdust were better than those cultivated on rice straw, however, on straw; the
mushroom fruiting bodies were larger in size. This study shows the prospects of
Pleurotus eryngii cultivation in Bangladesh and suggests further study in
controlled environment for higher yield and production.
Stanley
et al., 2011 has evaluated the effect
of supplementing corn cob substrate with rice bran on yield of Pleurotus
pulmonarius (Fr) Quel. Un-supplemented corn cob (0% supplementation) gave
the best yield in terms of the mean diameter of pileus5.50cm, mean fresh weight
of fruiting bodies 53.2g, mean height of stipe 3.64cm and number of healthy
fruiting bodies. The least yield was recorded with 30% supplementation as
follows; mean diameter 3.20cm, mean fresh weight of fruiting bodies 30.0g, mean
height of stipe 1.65cm and number of healthy fruiting bodies as 5 in terms of quantity
and quality, the un-supplemented substrate produced better edible mushrooms
Edible
mushrooms have also been considered to have medicinal value and to be devoid of
undesirable effects. They may be eaten as meat substitutes or used as flavoring
in foods, soups, and sauces. They also contain large amount of vitamins and
minerals (Ole, 2003, Okwulehie et al., 2007).
Oyster mushroom contains substances which lower the cholesterol level in serum
and liver of rats (Okwulehie et al., 2007).
Cereal
Grain crops straws are the most common agricultural waste used in the
cultivation of mushrooms. This category of waste is of limited use and may
constitute a form of environmental hazard if not disposed (Okwulehie and
Okwujioko 2008). They could however, be used in animal feeding either untreated
or urea treated. An efficient and economical way of disposing these straws is
by upgrading them into a high value product for man and the soil by using themto
grow mushrooms. The process turns the wastes into edible biomass by solid-state
fermentation (Okwujioko, 1992). When the straws are degraded by the mushroom,
useful nutrients are absorbed while the spent-straw serves as organic source of
nutrients for crop production.
Many
researchers have investigated the potentials of achieving this carrying out
trials with different agro-wastes, banana leaves, corn cob, cotton wastes and
rice straws to grow Pleurotus tuber-regium
(Fasidi and Ekuere 1993). Wheat straw has a potential of being utilized for
commercial products of scleraotia of P. tuber-regium.
Okwujiako and Smith (1992).
Cotton
waste, cassava peels and rice straw supported the fructification of Voluariella esculenta Fasidi (1996).
Royse (2003) used cotton hull and wheat straw to produce Pleurotus species Sharma, (2003) reported that in general, Pleurotus species grow well on
substrates such as paddy (rice) straw, wheat straws, maize stalks and
sugar-cane leaves.
Similarly,
Okwulehie and Okwujiako (2008) used the straws of Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum,Pennisetum purpurea and Oryza
satiua reported that all straws supported the growth of Pleurotus Ostreatus Var Florida. Among
the straws tested by Okwulehie and Okwujiako (2008) Andropogon gayanus produced significantly higher number of
fruiting-bodies of Pleurotus Ostreatus
Var florida than other straws however, Panicum
maximum straw yielded the least and
the highest fruit-bodies.
1.7
Objective
of study.
- To
determine the effect of substrate on the proximate composition of Pleurotus ostreatus fruit-bodies.
- To
determine the growth characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus on Andropogon
and oil palm waste.
1.6 Historical Information on Oyster
Mushroom.
Like
other types of edible mushrooms, Oyster mushrooms have been collected in the
wild for many centuries. Cultivation of these mushrooms only began in the early
1900’s. Early techniques and methods for growing Pleurotus involved tree stumps and logs as substrates, mimicking
their growth in nature (Ivors, 2003). In Germany successful attempts to grow
mushrooms on sawdust became historic milestones for mushroom cultivations.
Mass
production of Oyster mushrooms first started in the last 1960,s using straw
based substrate (Chang and Hales, 1978). Compared to other edible mushrooms
species of Pleurotus are relatively
simple to cultivate (Zadrazil, 1978). In addition, they are considered the most
adaptable genera of edible fungi able to grow on a wide range of
lignocellulotic materials (Stamets, 2000).
1.8
Justification
Agro-wastes
are not of importance to humans. They are unsightly and constitute nuisance to
the society. Agro-wastes also cause forest fires leading to the destruction of
lives and properties. Mushrooms are known to grow on a wide variety of
substrates and habitats (Adesina et al.,
2011). Most of the edible fungi have strong enzyme system and are capable of
utilizing complex organic compounds, which occur as agricultural wastes and
industrial by-product. Hence various agricultural by-products are being used as
substrates for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Raymond et al., 2013). The agricultural wastes
are converted into edible biomass in the form of fruit-bodies. Different
substrates are therefore being examined to get the best substrate that will
give a desired product in terms of qualities and quantity for the world’s
health and economic benefits. The study of mushrooms is carried out to have the
clear knowledge of the particular substrate whose yield will be maximal, and
one that would produce a greater number of the chemicals required for the
world’s benefits.
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