ABSTRACT
This research work attempted to
examine the effects of counselling on students’ attitude towards HIV/AIDS infection
in Surulere local government area of Lagos State.
The survey design method was
used to assess the opinions of the respondents, using the questionnaire
designed by the researcher.
The sample size for this study
comprised one hundred twenty students who were randomly selected through
stratified random sampling method.
The independent t-test was used
to analyse the null hypotheses formulated for this study at 0.05 level of
significance.
At the end of the analyses, the
results obtained are as follows:
1.
There is a significant effect of counselling on students’
attitude towards HIV/AIDS infection.
2.
There is a significant relationship between counselling and
students’ attitude towards HIV/AIDS infection.
3.
There is a significant difference in the attitude of male
and female students towards HIV/AIDS infection.
4.
There is no significant relationship between negative and
positive attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS infection.
Recommendations were made based
on the findings.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of
contents vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1
Introduction/Background to the Study 1
1.2
Statement of the Problem 3
1.3
Purpose of the Study 5
1.4
Research Questions 5
1.5
Research Hypothesis 6
1.6
Significance of the Study 7
1.7
Scope of the Study 8
1.8
Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 10
2.1
Concept of Counselling 10
2.2
Guidance Service in Schools 14
2.3
Objectives of Guidance Services in Schools 19
2.4
Theory of Counselling 21
2.5
Nature and History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDs) 23
2.6
Concept of Attitude towards HIV/AIDS Infection 31
CHAPTER THREE: Research Design and Methodology 36
3.0
Introduction 36
3.1 Research Design 36
3.2
Population of the Study 37
3.3
Sample and Sampling Method 37
3.4
Research Instrument 37
3.5
Procedure for Data Collection 38
3.6
Data Analysis 38
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis, Presentation of Results and
Summary of Findings
39
4.1
Introduction 39
4.2
Descriptive Analysis of Bio-Data 39
4.3
Hypotheses Testing 41
4.4
Summary of Findings 45
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion
of the Findings, Summary of the
Study, Conclusion
and Recommendations 46
5.1 Introduction 46
5.2
Discussion of Findings 46
5.3
Summary of the Study 49
5.4
Conclusions 50
5.5
Recommendations 51
References
53
Appendix
55
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
Introduction/Background
to the Study
AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immuno
Deficiency syndrome a killer disease that progressively destroys organs of the
body including the immune systems and the central nervous system. The disease
is caused by a virus, the human immuno deficiency virus type I (HIV) according to World Health
Organisation, (WHO, 1980).
The initial symptoms of HIV – I
infection often resemble influenza or nomonucleosis and appear within a few
days or weeks after exposure. These symptoms often disappear after several
weeks. Prolonged disease period may last for ten years or more after initial
infection, more commonly eight to ten years elapse before the onset of serious
disease symptoms. During this later phase, the HIV-infected or (HIV positive)
patient is said to have AIDS.
According to Aiken (1991) AIDS was
first reported in 1981 by investigators in New York and California. Initially,
most of the cases of AIDS in the United States were diagnosed in homo-sexuals
who contacted the virus primarily through sexual relationships and intravenous
drug use or by sharing contaminated hypodermic needles.
HIV/AIDS spread to endemic proportion
in the 1980’s particularly in Africa where the disease might have originated from.
The spread was likely facilitated by several factors which include increasing
urbanization and long distance travel in Africa i.e. international travellers,
changing sexual partners and intravenous drug users.
According to the United Nations (2004)
report on AIDS, some 38 million people were living with HIV, approximately, 5
million people become injected annually and about 3 million people die each
year from AIDS.
Humphrey, (1990) states that people
living in sub-Saharan Africa, accounted for some 70 percent of all the
prevalence of HIV infection of inhabitants which exceeded 10 percent of the
population. Rates of infection were lower in other parts of the world, but the
epidemic spread rapidly in the Eastern Europe, India, South Africa, South East Asia,
Latin America and other Caribbean Island. Rates of infection were also on the
rise in the United States of America and Western Europe where the identified
factors contributing to the contraction of HIV/AIDS as being prominent. In the
United States for example, nearly one million people were living with HIV. In
Asia, the sharpest increase in HIV infection were found in China, Indonesia and
Vietnam.
The above information are dispersed to
students by experts in counselling and guidance. According to Adeleke (1990)
over the years counselling has been used in school to pass vital information on
the spread and management of the HIV/AIDS diseases. In many schools today,
students have embraced counselling as an instrument of guidance and preventive
measure to their sexual related problems. With the establishment of counselling
in schools students of all strata, are now very much aware of causes and effect
of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Due to creation of
enlightenment on important issues, students no longer show negative attitudes
towards counselling, rather, they embrace it knowing that the school uses it as
an instrument of assistance and remedy to the problem of individuals. For
example the knowledge of the dangers of HIV/AIDS which counselling has brought
to many students. It has made them to be careful and mindful of their sexual
activities bearing in mind that through sex HIV/AIDS could be contacted.
1.2
Statement of the
Problem
Sexual urges are
inherent in all humans. This is because individuals are sexual beings from
birth to death, and sexual development and behaviour are integral human
processes.
Sexually transmitted diseases such as
Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDs) has defied all aspects of remedy
through medical sciences. The spread of the disease is very alarming in the
larger society.
Regrettably, people who have been
counselled by experts in counselling have not heeded to the advice given to
them on how best to embark on safe sexual relationship. This is because, many people
today especially students, have not changed their sex lives majority of the
students, inspite of the information given to them on the dangers inherent in
contacting HIV/AIDS, still believe that the fear in them to avoid sex. Others
believe that whether counselling or no counselling, they should engage in
active sexual life and this is where the problem of continued spread of
HIV/AIDS among students lies. Many people show negative attitude towards the
use of counselling as an instrument of assistance for social, psychological and
health problems. People who have contacted HIV/AIDS infections rather have the problem of inhibition, fear and the
negative mental orientation that make their cases worse and eventually result
to their deaths.
Negative attitude to sex education and
marital guidance by many people are the main causes of the wide spread of
HIV/AIDS in the society. This study therefore investigates the effect of
counselling on students attitudes towards HIV/AIDS with the view of changing
students attitudes and behaviour through adequate counselling recommended in
this study.
1.3
Purpose of the
Study
The purpose of this
study is to examine the effect of counselling in students’ attitude towards
HIV/AIDS infection in selected secondary schools in Surulere local governemnt
area of Lagos State. The study will also establish how counselling could be
used to effect positive behaviour change towards sex related matters by
adolescent students.
1.4
Research Questions
The following
research questions were raised in this study:
1.
Will there be any significant effect of counselling on the
attitude of students towards HIV/AIDS?
2.
To what extent will students’ exposure to counselling
services affect their attitude towards HIV/AIDS?
3.
Will there be any gender difference in the attitude of
students towards HIV/AIDS?
4.
Is there any difference between the attitude of students who
are exposed to counselling and those who are not?
5.
How can we differentiate between students who have positive
and negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS infection?
1.5
Research Hypotheses
The following
hypotheses were formulated to guide the conduct of this study:
1.
There is no significant effect of counselling on students’
attitude towards HIV/IDS infection.
2.
There is no significant gender difference in the attitude of
students towards HIV/AIDS infection.
3.
There is no significant difference between the knowledge of
the students who have positive attitude towards HIV/AIDS and those who have
negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS about the spread and consequences of the
disease.
4.
There is no significant relationship between counselling
services and students’ attitudes towards HIV/AIDS infection.
1.6
Significance of
Study
This study will be
of immense benefit to the following:
1.
Students: Students will
benefit from this study because its findings and recommendations will give them
an insight into the problem of HIV/AIDS information and how to prevent the
spread.
2.
Parents: Parents will
benefit from this study because it will help their children/wards in school to
avail themselves of the opportunity to be aware of the spread of the deadly.
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and how not to come in contact with
it through the use of counselling. That is to say that parents will understand
the importance of counselling through this study.
3.
Teachers: Teachers will also
benefit from this study because it will afford them the opportunity to use
counselling method to help students. With this study teachers would appreciate
the use of counselling teaching as a remedy to the spread of HIV/AIDS.
4.
School Counsellors: They would benefit
from recommendations of this study because it will help them to have more
insight into the use of counselling to help students out of their sexual
problems.
1.7
Scope of the Study
The study will cover the effect of
counselling on students’ attitudes towards HIV/AIDS infection in Surulere local
government area of Lagos State.
1.8
Definition of Terms
Operational
definition of terms were carried out in this study thus:
1.
HIV: This is a term
that means Human Immuno Deficiency.
2.
AIDS: This means
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
3.
School Counsellors: School counsellors
are counselling experts who are in the school environment in order to offer
counselling and guidance services to students and others (Amanze, 1990).
4.
Technique: According to
Advanced Learners Dictionary, this means technical or mechanical skill in art,
something of method of doing something expertly, method of artistic expression
in music painting etc.
5.
Attitude: This refers to
manner of placing or holding the body, way of feeling, thinking or behaving.
6.
Gender: This means
grammatically grouping of words (norms and pronouns into classes (masculine,
genuine and neutral).
7.
Infection: Infecting or being
infected; contacting a disease, especially by agency of the atmosphere or
water, contagious disease, influence that infects.
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