ABSTRACT
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (conjugate base perfluorooctanoate) — also known colloquiallyasC8— is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock. The strain Cyanobacteria (Microcystisaeruginosa) was obtained from the Brazilian cyanobacteria collection of University of Sào Paulo and were maintained in Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The research conducted in Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Exponential growth cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to the following treatments: Surfactant (10 ug /L) only, Replete nitrite (9mM/L) only, Surfactant and Replete nitrite and Control cultures were incubated in normal BG11 medium. Data obtained was subjected to one-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA).Where there is statistical difference, the Turkey’s post hoc was used to separate the means at P < 0.05.The current investigation shows that pigment content was significantly altered under replete nitrite condition and the growth of the organism was inhibited. It is observed that the surfactant PFOA under replete nitrite condition altered the growth of M. aeruginosa in the aquatic environment therefore we recommend the use of surfactants with mild effect as PFOA pose adverse effect on the aquatic environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
table of Contents vii
list of Figures ix
list of Plates x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem 2
1.4 Justification 2
1.5 Aim 2
1.6 Objectives 2
1.7 Hypotheses 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Morphology of Microcystis Aeruginosa 4
2.1.2 Classification Scientific of Microcystis aeruginosa 5
2.1.3 Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa 5
2.1.4 Ecology of of Microcystis aeruginosa 6
2.1.6 Ecological importance 7
2.2 Algae and Cyanobacteria Species 7
2.2.1Effect of Water on cyanobacterial 9
2.2.2Toxins of Algae 10
2.2.3Harmful algal blooms 11
2.3.0 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 11
2.3.1 Concerns about PFOA from an environmental point of view 12
2.3Determination of Nitrite 13
2.4.1 Effects of Nutrient on Microcystis aeruginosa 13
2.4.2 Toxicity 14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Sample Collection 15
3.2 Study Area 15
3.3 Maintenance of Culture 15
3.4 Experimental Design 16
3.5 Determination of growth and cell density 16
3.6.1Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Determination 17
3.6.2Biochemical Composition Analyses 18
3.6.3Determination of Total lipids 18
3.6.4Determination Total Protein Extraction 19
3.6.5 Determination of Protein 19
3.7Enzyme Activity 19
3.7.1Extraction Procedure (Biochemical Composition Determination 19
3.7.2Total Proteins Determination 20
3.7.3Antioxidants Enzyme Assays 20
3.7.4 Peroxidase (POD) 20
3.7.5 Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) 21
3.7.6 Lipid peroxidation (MDA) 23
DATA ANALSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0RESULTS 25
4.1 Effect of PFOA on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa 25
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 DISCUSSION 32
5.2 CONCLUSION 33
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 33
REFERENCES 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4. 1: Effect of PFOA on the growth (cell density) of Microcystis aeruginosa 26
Figure 4. 2: Effect of the surfactant PFOA on Chlorophyll-a pigment of M.aeruginosa 27
Figure 4. 3: Effect of PFOA on Total Chlorophyll of M.aeruginosa 28
Figure 4. 4: Effect of the surfactant PFOA on the Carotenoid content of M.aeruginosa 29
Figure 4. 5: Effect of the surfactant PFOA on the ROS content of M.aeruginosa 30
Figure 4. 6: Effect of the PFOA on the Total lipid content of M.aeruginosa 31
LIST OF PLATES
Plate i: Microcystis aeruginosa 5
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, or dispersants. (Nakama, 2017).Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is surfactant that is chiefly used by chemical companies and manufacturers to make fluoropolymers, which are utilized in the manufacture of non-stick cookware and breathable, stain resistant, all-weather clothing (US EPA, 2006).
PFOA is considered as surfactant, due to its chemical structure and a well-known chemical contaminants in drinking water worldwide.Somek, Hasim. (2011) The consumption of food or products contaminated by PFOA is associated with very serious health problems, including kidney, liver disease, and cancer, etc (Jochimsenet al., 1998).
Microcystisaeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria that can form harmful algal blooms of economic and ecological importance. They are the most common toxic cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic fresh water. Cyanobacteria produce neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin.
Microcystisaeruginosais a species of freshwater cyanobacteria that can form harmful algae blooms of economic and ecological importance (Ave,2007). They are the most common toxic cyanobacteria bloom in the eutrophic fresh water.
Algal/Cyanobacteria blooms have attracted considerable global attention because of their rapid growth and ability to produce and release different toxins (secondary metabolites) that are carcinogenic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic and hepatotoxic (Rastogiet al., 2015). Eutrophication is one of the phenomenons that brings about the appearance of blooms, and can negatively affect aquatic ecosystem.Is a phenomenon that inhibits or stimulates the growth and development of another organism either by direct or indirect interactions with secondary metabolites produced by plant or microorganisms (EL-Sheekhetal., 2010)
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem
The aquatic environment in Nigeria is currently faced with the problem of nutrient enrichment, for example, eutrophication caused by increased nitrate levels (Chia et al., 2020; Chia and Kwaghe 2015; Chia et al., 2009ab). In use, the waste water containing surfactants inevitably is discharged into water bodies, and cause serious harm on ecosystems. As a result, aquatic organisms are force to simultaneously combat increased nutrient levels and the presences of cyanobacterial toxins (Chia et al.,2020).
1.4 Justification
The effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the physiology of microcystisaeruginosa has not been investigated up to date, hence the need to carry out this research work. The study will provide more information on the adverse effect, potential human health and environmental impact of PFOA (Chia et al. 2020). It will also improve the development and conservation of aquatic resources and environment as a whole.
1.5 Aim
The research aimed at evaluating the effect of the surfactant Perfluorooctanic acid on Microcystisaeruginosa under replete nitrate conditions.
1.6 Objectives
1. To evaluate the effect of PFOA on the growth (cell count as well as pigment content) of M. aeruginosa under replete nitrate condition.
2. To determine the effect of PFOA on the oxidative stress biomarkers of M. aeruginosa under replete nitrate condition.
1.7 Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference in the acute toxicity of on the growth Microsystisaeruginosa under replete nitrate condition.
2. There is no significant difference in the oxidative stress biomarkers M. aeruginosa exposed to PFOA under replete nitrate condition.
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