ABSTRACT

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of migration from Nigeria within the framework of globalization and foreign policy, focusing on the period between 1999 and 2022. The overarching objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the migration syndrome prevalent in Nigeria, particularly in the context of the substantial brain drain experienced by the country. Drawing upon empirical research and scholarly literature, the investigation explores the push and pull factors driving migration, encompassing economic, socio-cultural, and security-related aspects. Special attention is devoted to the significant outflow of highly skilled professionals, particularly in critical sectors such as healthcare, and the ensuing ramifications for Nigeria's development trajectory. Moreover, the study scrutinizes the impact of globalization on migration patterns, highlighting disparities in economic opportunities and the role of diasporic communities in both home and host countries. Against this backdrop, the evolution of Nigeria's foreign policy objectives is analyzed to assess their effectiveness in addressing the challenges posed by migration, both internally and internationally. The findings underscore the urgent need for holistic policies that address the root causes of migration, promote inclusive economic growth, and harness the potential of diaspora communities for sustainable development. By shedding light on the complex interplay of factors shaping migration from Nigeria, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners seeking to navigate the complexities of migration in an increasingly globalized world.

TABLE OF CONTENT

The 21st century has witnessed unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness, driven by the forces of globalization, as noted by Ohiorhenuan (2019). This global transformation has left an indelible mark on the economic, social, and political landscapes of nations worldwide. In this dynamic environment, Nigeria emerges as a compelling case study, standing at the crossroads of globalization's opportunities and challenges. As the most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria's response to these global forces has been intricately shaped by its foreign policy, playing a pivotal role in navigating the complexities of the globalized era (Akinyemi and Nwachukwu, 2020).

Characterized by increased cross-border flows of goods, services, information, and people, globalization, as outlined by Amin (2018), has reshaped the world's socio-economic and political dynamics. Nigeria, however, experiences the dual nature of globalization—a double-edged sword. While it presents new economic opportunities, the nation is exposed to a myriad of challenges. The influx of foreign investments, technological advancements, and integration into global markets have contributed to economic growth, yet the accompanying challenges have been manifold.The Nigerian economy, traditionally reliant on oil exports, faced vulnerabilities due to fluctuating global oil prices. Simultaneously, globalization has intensified cultural exchanges and information flows, influencing societal values and contributing to internal migration as individuals seek economic opportunities in urban centres, as highlighted by Uwazie (2017).

Migration has become a central phenomenon in the contemporary globalized era, reflecting the interconnected nature of nations and the quest for improved opportunities (IOM, 2015). Economic disparities, environmental conditions, and global prospects have been instrumental in shaping the migration syndrome. In Africa, the patterns of regular or irregular migration have been notably prevalent in the past two decades, involving a substantial transnational movement of Africans, including Nigerians, to various parts of the world, particularly Europe. This migration occurs through both illegal routes, porous land borders, the Sahara, and the perilous journey across the Mediterranean into Europe, as well as through legal channels with the requisite documentation. The culture of irregular migration has gained notoriety over the years, resulting in numerous fatalities among Nigerians and fellow migrants along the Sahara Desert, the Maghreb region, and the Mediterranean (Awosusi et al., 2021; Ikuteyijo, 2020; Okunade, 2021a). The lack of effective national and economic restructuring to address this cross-border challenge has heightened the vulnerability of many African states. In addition to the enduring trend of irregular migration, a significant number of Nigerians are enduring the consequences of legal migration from the country in their pursuit of better prospects abroad. However, it is noteworthy that the culture of irregular migration has not disappeared from the continent; indeed, numerous Nigerians and other African nationals, particularly from the West Africa sub-region, continue to depart the country through irregular means on a daily basis (Okunade, 2021a).

Nevertheless, the recent surge in outmigration among Nigerian youths is causing significant concern. This emerging trend has given rise to the colloquial term "Japa" within the population, characterizing the widespread outmigration in Nigeria. "Japa" is a recent addition to the lexicon, used by Nigerians to depict the escalating outmigration of their compatriots to Europe and various global destinations. According to Professor ToyinFalola, "Japa" originates from the Yoruba language, signifying a swift departure, and its achievement is often accompanied by a sense of celebration, akin to attaining freedom (Premium Times, 2022). Essentially, "Japa" encapsulates the act of 'fleeing' beyond Nigeria's borders, encompassing various migration strategies, whether regular or irregular, to seek refuge in other parts of the world. While the term is relatively new in literature, the concept of "Japa" is not a recent phenomenon in Nigeria. It not only explains the contemporary exodus of Nigerians through international air borders but also encapsulates the longstanding practice of irregular migration, a facet that has often been overlooked by the populace and relevant local stakeholders.

Recent statistics provide a more nuanced understanding of the "japa" phenomenon among Nigerians. In 2018, Schengen countries, including Germany, Hungary, Finland, Italy, and Spain, popular destinations for Nigerians, witnessed a notable upswing in visa applications from Nigeria (The Guardian, 2019). A total of 88,587 visa applications were submitted, with a rejection rate of 49.8%, resulting in 44,076 denied applications (Sahara Reporters, 2018). The most recent data indicates a 51% increase in the rejection rate of Schengen visa applications from Nigerians (Schengen visa info, 2022). Furthermore, recent statistics released by the UK government reveal a substantial rise in granted study visas, reaching 486,869 as of June 2022, marking a 71% increase from 2019. Notably, Nigeria now ranks third, following India and China, with study visas to the UK surging from 8,384 to a record high of 65,929. This signifies a geometric increase in the mobility of individuals between Nigeria and the UK.

The study will delve into the motivations behind migration, exploring the economic, social, and political factors that drive individuals to move within and beyond Nigeria's borders. It will examine the destinations chosen by migrants and assess the consequences of these movements on both the migrants and the country they leave behind. Additionally, the study aims to identify any patterns that correlate with shifts in Nigeria's foreign policy objectives, providing insights into the interconnected nature of migration and global diplomatic strategies.

1.2       Statement of Research Problem

In the last thirty years, Africa has undergone a considerable exodus of its highly skilled workforce, as highlighted by Dohlman et al. (2019), who report that over 70% of healthcare practitioners from the continent have migrated, making up a significant portion of physicians in developed nations. This trend is mirrored in the observations of Adesote and Osunkoya (2018), who note a parallel pattern over the same period. Nigeria, in particular, has grappled with a substantial emigration of highly skilled professionals, resulting in notable shortages in crucial sectors such as oil and gas. The healthcare sector has been particularly hard-hit, experiencing a significant drain of skilled workers, posing challenges to the nation's healthcare infrastructure.

The migration phenomenon, often termed as brain drain, exemplifies the migration of highly skilled professionals from developing countries, including Nigeria, to more developed nations—a concept elucidated by Ogaboh et al. (2020). The repercussions of this migration syndrome are diverse, extending beyond economic implications to include the depletion of natural resources and a hindrance to human capacity development within Nigeria (Moyosore, 2015; Joshua et al., 2014).

Compounding the critical situation is Nigeria's alarming unemployment rate, currently ranked as the second-highest globally at 33% (Olurounbi, 2021). This high unemployment rate, combined with the country's extensive population of around 214 million people, results in a significant scarcity of skilled healthcare practitioners. Adeloye et al. (2017) estimate that there are only 1.9 healthcare practitioners for every 1000 Nigerian citizens, falling well below the recommended standards set by the World Health Organization. The resultant deficit in medical infrastructure is further intensified by the surge in medical tourism among Nigeria's affluent population, a trend attributed to the lack of confidence in the domestic healthcare system (Orekoya&Oduyoye, 2018).

While the migration syndrome permeates various industries in Nigeria, the healthcare sector, notably in neurology, has witnessed a significant departure influenced by Western practices (Imam and Akinyemi, 2015). The traditional practice of Nigerian doctors returning after completing overseas courses is diminishing, with a growing number of healthcare practitioners choosing to remain in developed countries, attracted by superior living conditions and remuneration (Brock and Blake, 2017).

Beyond its impact on the workforce, the migration syndrome has led to a considerable outflow of financial resources as Nigeria's affluent individuals seek medical treatment abroad, driven by deficiencies in the local healthcare system (Abubakar et al., 2018). The pervasive issue of corruption in Nigeria further exacerbates these challenges, impeding economic growth, proper infrastructure development, and contributing to the decline of the healthcare sector (Arewa, 2019; Moyosore, 2015). Nigeria's placement at 146 out of 198 countries on the corruption perception index underscores the significant challenge that permeates various aspects of the nation (Corruptions Perceptions Index 2019 for Nigeria, 2019).

The intricate interplay of push and pull factors, along with systemic challenges like corruption and unemployment, presents a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted difficulties that fuel outmigration from Nigeria, especially in the crucial healthcare sector. Tackling these challenges necessitates a comprehensive approach that takes into account both local and global dynamics, acknowledging the interconnected nature of these factors in shaping migration patterns and their resulting impacts.

1.3       Research Objective

The general objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the dynamics of migration from Nigeria in the context of the challenges posed by globalization and the impact of foreign policy. The research aims to provide a thorough understanding of the factors driving migration, the consequences of these movements, and the effectiveness of Nigeria's foreign policy responses in navigating the complex landscape of the globalized era. The specific objectives of the study are to:

i.               Explore the economic, and socio-cultural factors that act as both push and pull forces contributing to migration from Nigeria between 1999 and 2022.

ii.              Investigate how globalization, characterized by increased cross-border flows of goods, services, and people, has influenced the patterns and trends of migration within and outside Nigeria from 1999 to 2022.

iii.            Evaluate the evolution of Nigeria's foreign policy objectives from 1999 to 2022 and analyse how these policies have addressed the challenges posed by migration, both internally and internationally.

iv.            Examine the repercussions of migration on various sectors, including the economy, healthcare, and education, assessing the gaps and impacts left by the movement of skilled individuals.

1.4       Research Questions

This study tends to provide answers to the following research questions.

i.               To what extent has the economic and social cultural factors acted as push and pull forces contributing to migration from Nigeria between 1999 and 2022?

ii.              What role has economic globalization played in shaping migration for job opportunities between 1999 and 2022 and economic advancement of Nigeria?

iii.            How have diplomatic engagements and international collaborations addressed the challenges posed by migration, both internally and internationally?

iv.            How has the departure of skilled workers affected the productivity and growth of the Nigerian economy?Top of Form

1.5       Research Hypotheses

Hypotheses are statements that suggest possible outcomes and relationships that will be tested and analysed during the research. In the study four hypotheses are formulated to guide the investigation. These hypotheses are based on the research questions and aim to provide a structured approach to testing the effect of globalisation and foreign on migration syndrome in Nigeria. These hypotheses will serve as a basis for statistical analysis and testing to draw meaningful conclusions about the study.

Hypothesis One:

H₀:      Economic and social cultural factors have no significant impact on migration from Nigeria between 1999 and 2022.

H₁:      Economic and social cultural factors significantly influence migration from Nigeria between 1999 and 2022, acting as both push and pull forces.

Hypothesis Two:

H₀:      Economic globalization has no significant role in shaping migration patterns for job opportunities and economic advancement in Nigeria between 1999 and 2022.

H₁:      Economic globalization significantly influences migration patterns, motivating individuals to migrate for job opportunities and economic advancement in Nigeria between 1999 and 2022.

Hypothesis Three:

H₀:      Diplomatic engagements and international collaborations have not significantly addressed the challenges posed by migration, both internally and internationally, from 1999 to 2022.

H₁:      Diplomatic engagements and international collaborations have significantly contributed to addressing the challenges posed by migration, both internally and internationally, from 1999 to 2022.

Hypothesis Four:

H₀:      The departure of skilled workers has no significant impact on the productivity and growth of the Nigerian economy.

H₀:      The departure of skilled workers significantly affects the productivity and growth of the Nigerian economy from 1999 to 2022.

1.6       Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to offer valuable insights into the complex dynamics of migration in Nigeria within the context of globalization and foreign policy. The findings can inform policymakers, scholars, and international organizations, guiding the development of effective strategies to address migration challenges. Understanding the push and pull factors, the impact of globalization, and the role of foreign policy can contribute targeted interventions, fostering sustainable development and enhancing Nigeria's ability to navigate the complexities of the globalized era. Moreover, the study's focus on the consequences of migration on various sectors, such as the economy, healthcare, and education, provides practical implications for stakeholders aiming to bridge gaps and optimize resource allocation. By shedding light on the intricate relationships between these variables, the study contributes to academic knowledge, offering a foundation for further research in the fields of international relations, migration studies, and global affairs. Ultimately, the significance of this study extends beyond academia, with the potential to influence policy decisions, foster international collaborations, and contribute to the development of a more resilient and adaptive Nigerian society in the face of global challenges.

1.7       Scope of the Study

The scope of this study encompasses an in-depth examination of migration in Nigeria from 1999 to 2022, focusing on the interplay between economic, sociocultural factors, and the influence of globalization and foreign policy. The study explores internal and international migration patterns, emphasizing the impact on key sectors such as the economy, healthcare, and education. Additionally, the research delves into the evolution of Nigeria's foreign policy during this period, assessing its effectiveness in addressing migration challenges. While the primary focus is on skilled migration, the study acknowledges the broader spectrum of migration dynamics. The geographic scope encompasses Nigeria as a whole, considering both urban and rural settings.

1.8       Definition of Terms

The following definitions provide a foundational understanding of the key terms used in the study, ensuring clarity and consistency in their interpretation throughout the research.

Migration: The movement of individuals within or across national borders, involving a change of residence, with the intention of staying at the destination for a significant period.

Globalization: The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and people on a global scale.

Foreign Policy: The set of strategies, principles, and actions adopted by a nation's government to interact with other countries, safeguard its national interests, and promote diplomatic, economic, and political relationships.

Push and Pull Factors: Push factors are circumstances or conditions in the home country that encourage individuals to migrate, while pull factors are attractions or opportunities in the destination country that draw individuals to move.

Economic Globalization: The integration of national economies into the global economy through the exchange of goods, services, capital, and technology, facilitated by advancements in communication and transportation.

Sociocultural Factors: The social and cultural influences that impact individual behaviors, decisions, and identities, encompassing factors such as traditions, values, beliefs, and societal norms.

Skilled Migration (Brain Drain): The emigration of individuals with specialized skills, knowledge, or education, often leading to a loss of human capital in the home country.

Diplomatic Engagements: The interactions and negotiations between nations to establish and maintain diplomatic relations, resolve conflicts, and collaborate on mutual interests.

1.9       Organisation of Study

The study is divided into five chapters as detailed below.

The first chapter serves as the introduction to the study, providing a comprehensive overview of the research. It begins with a general introduction, followed by a background that outlines the historical context and significance of the study. The statement of the problem identifies the key issues addressed, leading to the formulation of research objectives, questions, propositions, and hypotheses. The chapter also highlights the significance of the study, delimits the scope, and provides clear definitions of the major terms used in the research.

The second chapter, the literature review critically examines existing theories on migration, exploring economic factors, sociocultural influences, and the role of globalization and foreign policy in shaping migration patterns. This chapter identifies gaps in the current body of knowledge, paving the way for the formulation of research questions and hypotheses. Additionally, a theoretical framework is established to guide the study, drawing on key concepts and insights from the reviewed literature.

The third chapter focuses on the research methodology, outlining the chosen design, population, and sampling techniques. It details the methods of data collection, including both quantitative and qualitative approaches, and specifies the techniques for data analysis. Ethical considerations are discussed, and potential limitations of the study are acknowledged, ensuring transparency and integrity in the research process.

Data Analysis and Findings, Chapter four is devoted to the analysis of collected data and presentation of findings. It includes a descriptive analysis of migration patterns, quantitative examinations of economic factors, qualitative exploration of sociocultural influences, assessments of globalization's impact, evaluations of foreign policy responses, and an examination of the consequences of migration on various sectors. The chapter concludes with an interpretation of data findings.

Conclusion and Recommendations is the final chapter presents a comprehensive summary of the study's findings and draws conclusions based on the data analysis. It discusses the contributions of the research to existing knowledge, implications for policy and practice, and provides recommendations for future research endeavours. This concluding chapter serves as the culmination of the study, offering insights, reflections, and guidance for future inquiries into the complex relationships between migration, globalization, and foreign policy in Nigeria.

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