ABSTRACT
Teenage pregnancy is an important public health issue in many developing countries including Nigeria. Unwanted or unplanned pregnancies among adolescent girls less than 18 years of age have been the major problems of most developing countries including Nigeria. The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of women of childbearing age to factors influencing teenage pregnancy and its implications on adolescent health and education in Oda community, Akure South Local Government, Ondo State. Descriptive design was used for this study as well as simple random technique with the administration of 120 questionnaires which was analysed, using frequency table and simple percentage. This study revealed that 96% of the respondents are knowledgeable about teenage pregnancy. From the study, it have been discovered that peer pressure (43%); Poverty (18%); Socialisation (14%); Bad parental upbringing (13%); Family background (12%) are factors influencing teenage pregnancy. It was also revealed that teenage pregnancy mostly led to infertility (64%) and school dropout (84%). Recommendations were made to the parents to make adequate provision for the needs of their teenagers and be a good role model; the health workers should encourage sexually active youth on family planning with more emphasis on condom usage correctly; the government should establish youth friendly services within the community with appropriate policies and intervention to meet the needs of teenagers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgment
v-vi
Table
of content
vii-ix
List
of tables
x
List
of figures
xi
Abstract
xii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1-2
Background
of the study
1-2
Statement
of the problem
2
Aim
of the study
2
Objectives
of the study 3
Significance
of the study
3
Research
Questions
3
Assumption
3
Definition
of terms
3-4
CHAPTER TWO
Literature
Review 5-20
The
concept of a teenager 5
Global
issues of teenage pregnancy 5-7
Adolescent
development 7
Age
development 7
Physical
development 7-8
Stages
of adolescence development 9-10
Key
features of adolescent development
10-12
Behaviour
problem in teenagers 12-13
Factors
that cause teenage pregnancy 13-14
Factors
associated with teenage pregnancy 14-15
Problems
associated with teenage pregnancy 15
Effects
and consequences of teenage pregnancy 15-16
Factors
contributing to teenage pregnancy 17
Higher
risk following teenage pregnancy 17-18
Disadvantages
of teenage pregnancy 18-19
Prevention
of teenage pregnancy 19
Theoretical
framework of teenage pregnancy 19-20
CHAPTER THREE
Research
methodology 21
Study
design 21
Study
Area 21-22
Study
population 22
Sample
size 22
Sampling
Technique 22
Study
instrument 22
Method
of data collection 22
Data
Analysis 22
Ethical
consideration 23
CHAPTER FOUR
Data
presentation and analysis 24-36
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
of findings, conclusion and recommendations 37
Discussion
of findings
37-39
Conclusion 39
Recommendations
39-40
Limitations
of the study 40
REFERENCES
41-43
APPENDIX 44
LIST OF
TABLES
TABLES
Table I: Age distribution of the
respondents 24
Table ii: Marital status of the
respondents 25
Table iii: Educational status of the
respondents 25
Table iv: Occupational status of the
respondents 26
Table v: Religion of the respondents 26
Table vi: Tribe of the respondents 27
Table vii: Have you heard about teenage
pregnancy before? 27
Table viii: What is teenage pregnancy? 28
Table ix: What are factors influencing
teenage pregnancy? 28
Table x: What are the causes of teenage
pregnancy? 29
Table xi: Have you heard a child before? 29
Table xii: At what age did you have your
first child? 30
Table xiii:Do you agree that early sexual
intercourse by a girl promote her growth?30
Tablexiv:Do you believe that early sexual
initiation prevent painful menstruation?31
Table xv: Do you agree that orphans are
vulnerable to teenage pregnancy? 31
Table xvi:Do you agree that children from
a single parent are vulnerable to teenage pregnancy?
32
Table xvii: Do you agree that culture
contribute to teenage pregnancy? 32
Table xviii: Do you agree that lack of
parental sex education leads to teenage pregnancy? 33
Table xix: What are implications of
teenage pregnancy on adolescent health?
33
Table xx: Do you agree that teenage
pregnancy cause dropout in school? 34
Table xxi: Do you agree that teenage
pregnancy bring shame to the family 34
Table xxii: Does your community appreciate
teenage pregnancy? 35
Table xxiii: Does your community
stigmatise teenage pregnancy? 35
Table xxiv: How can teenage pregnancy be
prevented? 36
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1: Key features of adolescent development 12
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Teenage
pregnancy is an important public health issue in many developing countries
including Nigeria. According to Aderibigbe et al. (2014), Abiodun et al.
(2013), Ameh et al. (2019), and Anochie et al. (2015) unwanted or
unplanned pregnancies among adolescent girls less than 18years of age have been
the major problems of most developing countries including Nigeria. Adolescent
is a phase of maturation. It is a transitional period of physical psychological
human development between childhood and adulthood, the cultural purpose of
which involves preparation to assume older roles. Classically, adolescent occur
from 12 to 22 years old. Adolescent is a period of preparation for culturally
adequate social adult roles such as being a worker or a romantic partner.
Adolescent
is defined as the development phase in the human life cycle that is situated
between childhood and adulthood (Gouws et al; 2018). Adolescent is
characterized by rapid physical growth and development with notable emotional
and social changes (Gouws et al; 2018). Various social and biological factors
influence the odds of teenage pregnancy; these include exposure to adversity
during childhood and adolescent, a family history of teenage pregnancy, conduct
and attention problems, family instability and low educational achievement
(wood work et al; 2013; east et al; 2016). About 12 million adolescent girls
aged 15-19 undergo unsafe abortion every year. In low and middle income
countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of
death among girls of 15-19 years. Stillbirths and newborn causes of death are
50% higher among infants of women aged 20-29 years. Infant of adolescent
mothers are more likely to have low birth weight. Adolescent fertility has
declined from 56 births per 1000 adolescent women in 2000 to 45 births in 2015
and 44 births in 2019 (World health organization [WHO] ,2016). Teenage
pregnancy according to Williams (2010) is therefore, a major concern to world
communities with the United States at the top with almost 1,000,000 teenage
pregnancies each year.
Adolescent
pregnancy is not the result of deliberate choices. These girls often have
little say over decision affecting their lives. Rather, early pregnancy Is a
consequence of little or no access to school, information or health care
(united nation fund for population activities (UNFPA, 2015). Every year, an
estimated 21million girls aged 15-19 years in developing region become pregnant
and approximately 12 million of them give birth. At least 777,000 births occur
to adolescent girls younger than 15 years in developing countries. The
estimated global adolescent specific fertility rate has declined by 11.6% over
the past 20 years. There are, however big difference in rate across the
regions. The adolescent fertility rate in east Asia, for example is 7.1 whereas
the corresponding rate in central Africa is 129.5 (WHO, 2020).
Adolescent pregnancy is defined as the
occurrence of pregnancy in girls aged 10 to 19 years. Adolescent pregnancy has
become a major public health problem, particularly in Africa. Consequently, the
region is known for the high rate of maternal and child morbidity and
mortality. According to WHO, about 17 million adolescent girls give birth every
year and most of these births occur in low and middle income countries (WHO;
2014). Adolescent health and development are of global concern. The need to
prevent early pregnancy among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa has been
recognized increasingly over recent years (Philips et al; 2016).
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Most
adolescent when faced with unwanted pregnancy result to unsafe abortion because
of restrictions such as parental permission for legal procedures. Those who keep their pregnancy encounter problems
associated with early child bearing such as curtailing of education and a
reduction in economic opportunities.
It was observed during my last rural-urban
posting that there was a high rate of teenage pregnancy in Oda community. The
existing record of teenage pregnancy in Oda basic health centre include ;
thirteen (13) in 2019,eleven (11) in 2020, ten (10) in 2021. It was discovered
that teenage pregnancies were not registered in the facility, hence the essence
of the study in Oda.
OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY
The
general objective of this study is to investigate the perception of women of
childbearing age to factors influencing teenage pregnancy and it's implications
on adolescent health and education.
1. To
find out the factors that contribute towards teenage pregnancy in Oda
community.
2. To
identify the consequences of teenage pregnancies in Oda community.
3. To
find out the preventive measures to teenage pregnancy in Oda community.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This
study is set out to ascertain the factor influencing teenage pregnancy in Oda community.
The findings of this study will help to create awareness on the consequences of
child marriage which include obstetric fistula, infectious HIV/AIDs,
infertility, limited social support and high infant mortality and morbidity
rate. This research will also serve as a useful piece for future researcher on
teenage pregnancy.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What
are the factors that contribute towards teenage pregnancy in Oda community?
2. what
are the consequences of teenage pregnancies?
3. What
are the preventive measures to teenage pregnancy in Oda community?
ASSUMPTIONS
1. It
is believed that the earlier a girl start having intercourse the better for her
growth.
2. Young
females are encouraged to prove their fertility potential before marriage in
some societies
3. Some
young girls see sex as a means of economic gain
4. A
girl that is not involved in early sexual intercourse is seen as not sociable
5. It
is believed that early sexual intercourse will prevent painful menstruation.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
TEENAGE
PREGNANCY: this is a pregnancy occurring between
the age range of 13-19 years.
PREGNANCY :
this can be define as a state of being with child in the womb.
ADOLESCENT:
a young person who is between the age
range of 10-19 years.
TEENAGE
MOTHER : a nursing mother between the age of 10 and
19 years.
TEENAGER:
someone who is between the age of 10 and
19 years old.
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