ABSTRACT
This study examined the parameters and conduct life cycle cost assessment of a 12 volts lead acid battery. The objectives of the study were to determine and evaluate the cost components associated with the use of batteries, conduct replacement assessment on a 12volt lead acid battery and simulate battery parameters identified using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experiment was carried out using a 12volt lead acid battery with load of 120W and 185W. The data obtained were analyzed in response surface methodology in design expert software to statistically determine the analysis of variance and the regression model equations for each of the battery load. The Life Cycle Cost analysis of the battery was calculated. The result showed that the process parameters had significant effects on the battery attached with different load value. The values of the coefficient of determination (R) 0.9999, elaborated the significance of the regression models generated for the dependent variables. The LCC of the battery showed that the total cost for about 2years is #115,216.346 which can be more beneficial use home used compared to other source of electricity generation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
Declaration i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of contents v
List of tables vii
List of figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement of problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study 2
1.4 Scope of the Study 2
1.5 Justification of Study 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Theory on Batteries 4
2.1.1 Types of battery 4
2.1.2 The Lead Acid Battery 5
2.2 Battery Parameters 6
2.2.1 State of Charge (SOC), and Depth of Discharge (DOD) 6
2.2.2 State of Health (SOH), and End of Life (EOL) 7
2.2.3 C-rate 7
2.2.4 Cycle lifetime 8
2.2.5 Specific Power 8
2.2.5 Battery Efficiency 9
2.2.6 Cycle Lifetime 9
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 10
3.2 Methods 10
3.2.1 Experimental Setup 10
3.3 Governing Equations / Mathematical Considerations 11
3.3.1 Life cycle cost model 11
3.3.2 Net Present Value (NPV) 12
3.3.1 Capitol Recovery Factor (CRF) 13
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result for the battery with 120Watt load 14
4.1.1 ANOVA result for the energy delivered to the 120W load battery 15
4.1.2 ANOVA result for the efficiency to the 120W load battery 17
4.1.3 ANOVA result for the charge stored in the 120W load battery 20
4.2 Result for the battery with 185 Watt load 22
4.2.1 ANOVA result for the energy delivered to the 185W load battery 23
4.2.2 ANOVA result for the efficiency to the 185W load battery 25
4.2.3 ANOVA result for the charge stored in the 120W load battery 27
4.3 Economic Evaluation 29
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 30
5.2 Recommendation 30
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Tabl4 4.1 Experimental design for the battery with 120Watt Load 14
Table 4.2: Analysis of Variance for the energy delivered to the 120W load battery 16
Table 4.3: Analysis of Variance for the Efficiency to the 120W load battery 18
Table 4.4: Analysis of Variance for the charge stored in the 120W load battery 20
Tabl4 4.5 Experimental design for the battery with 185Watt Load 22
Table 4.6: Analysis of Variance for the energy delivered to the 185W load battery 24
Table 4.7: Analysis of Variance for the Efficiency to the 185 W load battery 26
Table 4.8: Analysis of Variance for the charge stored in the 185W load battery 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Effect of the process parameters on the energy delivered to the 120watt load battery 17
Figure 4.2: Effect of the process parameters on the efficiency to the 120watt load battery 19
Figure 4.3: Effect of the process parameters on the charge stored in the 120watt load battery 21
Figure 4.4: Effect of the process parameters on the energy delivered to the 185 watt load battery 25
Figure 4.5: Effect of the process parameters on the efficiency to the 185 watt load battery 27
Figure 4.6: Effect of the process parameters on the charge stored in the 185 watt load battery 29
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The lead acid battery is the oldest battery in the market today having extensive use in portable power systems and accounts for over 40% of the battery sales to date. Its dependability and relatively lower cost has kept it in the spotlight, but its drawbacks are widely acknowledged. Presently encompassing the largest sector of the battery industry, lead acid has been used extensively in portable power systems for vehicles as well as in stationary applications such as Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems (Vincent., 1997)
Although the current shift has been moving the industry away from its usage in future Electric Vehicle (EV) applications, their advantages in material availability and cost still maintain their importance in the market. Through the use of a flexible, unique testing tool to evaluate the lifespan and performance, present methods to extract State-of-Charge (SoC) and State-of-Health (SoH) could be improved and managed in a more efficient way. This could be achieved through the deployment of an advanced battery lifespan and frequency analysis tool, such as the one developed in this paper, to highlight and improve the present models in-use today.
The first lead acid oxide cell was in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté when the system included two coiled strips separated by a simple linen cloth. This simple demonstration laid the groundwork on how lead-acid batteries are manufactured today. Success has been attributed to many factors including low manufacturing costs and widely available raw materials. These reasons, coupled with relatively long life span have made the lead acid battery an efficient electrochemical energy-storage system. Performance of lead-acid batteries has significantly improved since they were introduced. Better designs with purer materials and efficient manufacturing techniques have lengthened the lifespan of these cells. Not only has dependability increased, but so has the focus on factors which eventually degrade and diminishes the cycle life (Lashway et al.,2016).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The lead acid battery is one of the most commonly used battery and hence it is essential to evaluate the cost of maintaining prolonged life cycle of the battery. The life cycle cost analysis is necessary for profitability, determination of the life span and maintenance of the battery for longevity. Based on this context, this study seeks to examine the lead acid battery parameters and life cycle cost analysis of a maintenance free lead acid battery.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to analyze the parameters and conduct replacement assessment of a 12 volts lead acid battery. The specific objectives of this study include:
1) To determine and evaluate the cost components associated with the use of batteries.
2) To conduct replacement assessment on a 12volt lead acid battery.
3) To simulate battery parameters identified using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK
This study is limited to:
1) A 12volt 220Ah Tubular lead acid battery
2) Evaluation of the life cycle cost of the battery.
3) Investigation of the state of charge (SOC), depth of discharge (DOD), C-rate, efficiency, state of health (SOH), specific power, and specific energy of the battery.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE WORK
Modeling and Simulation of engineering systems are very much important and useful to understand behavior of the system for change in regularly or frequently used parameters. In case of battery model, the effect of changing thickness of chemical material used in battery can be predicted to understand many related battery performance parameters. Such models could be used in battery operated vehicles or appliances to predict the performance of the battery. There are various types of batteries and many factors affects the battery performance parameters. For estimation of battery performance different mathematical models plays an important role. The battery performance parameters are state of charge (SOC), battery storage capacity, rate of charge or rate of discharge, temperature, age or shelf life and many others. The discharge current of a battery decreases with increase in constant current discharge time. The performance of the battery depends on temperature and performance characteristics. Therefore in this research work the MATLAB, tools are used to perform modeling and simulation work for rechargeable battery using lead acid batteries as case study.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment