ABSTRACT
Crime is a universally phenomenon
that is threatening the security of various countries in varying degrees. Every
society across the globe has its peculiar problems and challenges. Nigeria is
not an exception. As a developing country, she faces her own share of social,
political, economic and cultural problems which has in no small measure
affected the wellbeing of the populace. One of such problems bedevilling the
country is the rising wave of crime.
Policing strategy has been
incorporated into modern policing so that the police will respond to democratic
system of governance. Community policing should be welcomed not only because
traditional policing has been failing because it is reactive rather than
proactive, but also, the police personnel are part and parcels of the community
that they serve. Three strategies make community policing quite distinct from traditional
policing: community partnership, organizational transformation, and
problem-solving.
The objectives of this research
study is to examine the Nigeria police and community
policing in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. This study reveals that community
policing has helped in reducing crime rate in Ibadan and there exist a cordial
police-community relation, the public interface with
the police easily through the through the community associations, the private
securities, the vigilant group and neighbourhood watch. In
overall community policing has achieved great success in Ibadan as rate of
crime has drastically reduced in communities where the associations operates.
Even
with the positive effect of community policing, the research reviewed some of
the challenges the program faced amongst the Police Force, community, as well
as those emanating from the government. The research
revealed that Community associations takes law into their hands; the public are
used to Kin-based settlement, the aggrieved find it difficult to report to the
police after been settled by the kin. It is unacceptable to report your kin to
the police or to any outsiders; Also, the existence of multiple lords or ‘big
men’. These are politicians, transport union leaders and gang leaders who have
and maintain groups of followers who oftentimes break the law.
To overcome these challenges, the
paper suggested an integrated effort from these three structures, such as
reorientation programs for the police and the community, fighting corruption,
and to ensure that the rule of law is obeyed by the police, community and the
political leaders.
Keywords: Community Policing, Crime Control,
Crime Prevention, Crime, Prevention, Control,
Effectiveness
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
Chapter One: Introduction
1.0
Background of the Study 1
1.1 Statement of
the Research Problem 3
1.2 Research
Questions 5
1.3 Objectives
of the research 6
1.4 Definition
of Terms 6
1.5 Significance
of the research 8
1.6 Literature
review 9
1.6.1 Concept
and Definition of Police and Policing 9
1.6.2 Social
Perception of Nigeria Police Force 10
1.6.3 Police
– Public Interaction and Interface 11
1.6.4 Challenges
of Policing in Nigeria 14
1.6.5 Remedy
to Police Malady in Nigeria 16
1.6.6 Conclusion 19
Endnotes 20
Chapter
Two: The Origin & Development of Policy in Nigeria
2.0 Introduction 23
2.1 Traditional
policing in Nigeria 23
2.2 Evolution
of the Nigeria police up to 1966 26
2.2.1 The Colonial Police Force 26
2.2.2 Police in Nigeria: Post-Colonial Era 30
2.3 The
Nigeria Police 1966-2004 31
2.3.1 Command of the Nigeria Police Force 32
2.3.2 Organization of the Nigeria Police Force 33
2.3.3 The Nigeria Police Council 33
2.3.4 Police Service Commission 34
2.3.5 Nigeria police and crime prevention and
control in Nigeria 35
2.3.6 Conclusion 40
Endnotes 41
Chapter Three: The
Evolution & Development of Community Policy in Nigeria
(A
Case
Study of Ibadan 2004-2017)
3.0 Introduction 44
3.1 The
Nigeria Police and Crime Prevention and Control in Ibadan 44
3.2 The Evolution of Community Policy in
Nigeria 45
3.2.1 Community Policing in Nigeria: The Concept
of Community Policing 46
3.2.2 The Need for Community Policing 47
3.2.3 Principles of Community Policing 51
3.2.4 Core Values of Community Policing 53
3.2.5 Wrong Notions about Community Policing 55
3.2.6 Benefits of Community Policing 57
3.2.7 Benefit of Community Policing to Community 59
3.2.8 What Is Partnership? 60
3.3 Community Policy in Ibadan (2004-2017) 61
3.4 Conclusion 64
Endnotes 65
Chapter Four: Impart
Of Community Policing On Crime Prevention and Control in
Ibadan (A Preliminary
Assessment)
4.1 Introduction
67
4.2 Crime
prevention in Ibadan 68
4.3 Crime
Control in Ibadan 72
4.3.1
The Factors Affecting the Effectiveness
of Crime Control by the Police in Nigeria 72
4.4 Assessment
of Community Policing In Ibadan 76
4.4.1 Communitisation of Personal Spaces and
Problems 77
4.4.2 Communitisation of Abdicated State Roles and
Duties 80
4.4.3 The Effectiveness of Community Policing In
Ibadan Practices 82
4.5
Conclusion 84
Endnotes 85
Chapter Five: Summary
and Conclusion
5.1 Summary
88
5.2 Conclusion 88
5.3
Recommendations 89
References 91
Chapter One
Introduction
2.0
Background of the Study
The efficacy of the
philosophy and policies of any system of government in any given society will
depend on their faithful implementation. In this wise, the role of the police
in ensuring social justice, peace and harmony cannot be over-emphasized. In the
administration of justice in Nigeria, the police have the sweeping powers of
arrest and prosecution of offenders. However, this law enforcement agency has
at various times been criticized by both the general public and public officials
in the exercise of their powers1. Since public safety and
maintenance of peace and enforcement of legitimate laws are the chief
responsibilities of the civil police force,2 it is essential in this
study, to trace the origin of the police force in Nigeria. This approach would
provide grounding for the inevitable linkage between the nature of colonial
policing and the total collapse of the apparatus of law enforcement in contemporary
Nigerian society.
In
Nigeria, the role of the police in crime prevention and control is a far cry
from what was intended, which were specified in section 4 of the Police Act
(Laws of the Federation 1990). According to the Police Act (Laws of the
Federation 1990) the police are to prevent and detect crime, apprehend
offenders, protect lives and property, enforce all laws and regulations with
which they are directly charged and perform such military duties within or
outside Nigeria as may be required of them by or under the authority of any
other act3. However, the police have not been able to respond to the
challenges of policing because of the structural constraints and deep-rooted
political and socio-economic crises, which in part manifest as criminal
activities but beyond police capabilities to resolve. In the context of
policing in contemporary Nigeria, what Jesus Christ once told the disciples is
wholly applicable to members of the Nigeria Police Force:
“Ye are the salt
of the earth: but if the salt have lost its savour, wherewith shall it be
salted. It is thenceforth good for nothing but to be thrown out and trampled
under [the] foot”4.
Policing
in Nigeria is also beset by several institutional problems that undermine the
effectiveness and legitimacy of the Nigeria Police Force. Organization and
management of police forces in terms of vertical and horizontal decentralization
and coordination of authority have implications for police behaviour, performance
and image. The nature of rules of policing established by a police force,
adherence to these rules, rewards or punishment for compliance or
non-compliance influence police discipline, integrity, effectiveness, performance
and legitimacy, including public estimation and support5.
The
rules and provisions for recruitment, training, deployment, remuneration,
promotion, discipline, and pension and retirement affect police discipline,
performance and image. In Nigeria, these aspects are not given adequate and
continuous attention. Supervision and coordination are generally lacking.
Corruption, partisan and parochial considerations have contaminated the process
and decisions relating to recruitment, deployment and promotion in the Nigeria
Police Force, thereby dampening motivation and commitment to excellence,
sacrifice and integrity in police-work. The ability of a
police force to manage information relating to socio-economic and political
trends and to relate such information to the trend, pattern and severity of
crimes will determine its capacity to plan and implement crime prevention and
crime control policies, strategic plans and operations. Furthermore, the
ability of a force to disseminate appropriate information about crime patterns
and trends, police efforts and handicaps at promoting crime prevention and
control will affect police-public relations, public support for police as well
as police efficiency. The Nigeria Police Force has continued to neglect this critical
area, resulting in operational strategies being dependent on guesswork instead
of science or systematically produced and acquired knowledge6.
The
personality of a police officer exercises influence on his or her behaviour,
performance and relationship with the public. This is the reason in many
societies, potential recruits are subjected to a battery of psychological and
other tests with a view to determining their emotional stability and social
relation competence. The Police Service Commission and the Nigeria Police Force
need to review the police recruitment process in order to ensure that only
those that can meet the challenges of police work in Nigeria, at present and in
the near future are recruited. It will be a waste to recruit an individual who
do not possess adequate academic qualification, strong emotional and moral
qualities and a patriotic commitment to Nigeria, in an age or era characterized
by computer crimes, sophisticated and technology assisted financial crimes,
piracy, terrorism and espionage. Additionally, the declining training
facilities at police training institutes constitutes an eyesore, as it acts to
impede the training of competent and capable police force7.
A
constellation of structural, institutional and personality factors create what
has been variously referred to as police culture. Police ‘working personality’
and culture result from the elements of police-work - danger, authority and
isolation. Police-work breeds solidarity and occupational pathology characterized
by ‘perceptions of the public as uncooperative, unsupportive and antagonistic
toward the police’. In Nigeria, this engenders a tendency by the police to
protect each other’s criminality and misconducts, As a result, the integrity of
the police is undermined and a culture of impunity is thereby entrenched. These
institutional problems are critical to the attainment and sustenance of an effective
police force and deserve serious consideration and attention by the government
and police leadership. It is for this reason that the current study considers
it a task to elevate the subject of “Nigeria Police and Community Policing” to
the status of a historical analysis and thus, use it as a general response of the
public to the management of the Nigerian Police crisis. But before it can go
on, a brief examination of the history of the ‘Nigeria Police’ will not be out
of place.
Historically, the
origins, development and role of the European type of police forces in Nigeria
are traceable to the nature of European interests in the continent and the
reactions of the indigenous people to their activities. It
indicates that the various forces were established, organized and maintained by
colonial and post-colonial governments primarily for order maintenance that
engenders repression, a culture of impunity: corruption, incivility, brutality,
lack of transparency and accountability. With the advent of colonialism came the distortion of
the traditional institutions and values, which had from time immemorial
sustained harmonious relationship, peace, and security of lives and property in
the pre-colonial Nigerian communities. Thus, the legacy of Western plantation
(and in some cases racist) ideology is the portrayal of Nigerian society and
culture as lawless and disorderly8. This negative image had its
roots in the long ordeal of the slave trade, and later colonialism, which
mediated modern Nigeria’s interaction with the West9.
The
study is therefore motivated by the existence of the institutional, structural personality
problem in the Nigeria Police Force and the ‘law and order’ question in
Nigerian. There is no doubt that a crime situation exists in Nigeria, as a
consensus has already emerged which cuts across the complex social groups in
Nigeria that there is a crime problem. This admission notwithstanding, there is
no agreement as to what is to be done. But there exists a confusion as to the
conventional explanations of the analysis of the crime question. If the
analysis is confused, the solutions being proposed cannot but be based on a
wrong premise. In thought and action, Nigeria’s present and past leaders
continue to mystify the crime problem; hence, the current study.
1.1 Statement
of the Research Problem
Policing,
in Nigeria, which
is undoubtedly a colonial-oriented problem, has remained elusive since
the inception of colonial police due to structural constraints and
organizational inadequacies. Up till now, the English-based social control
mechanism in Nigeria has been unable to guarantee safety to lives and property
of the common people. In addition, it is rather expensive, time wasting, and
insensitive to the traditional values and beliefs system of the people. The
utility of the traditional social control mechanisms, on the other hand, has
been remarkable and appear to satisfy Nigerians’ yearns for inexpensive, more
rapid and culturally relevant justice and social order10. The public
generally perceive the performance of the Nigeria police as unsatisfactory
because police have been ineffective and inefficient in their job. Their poor performance
is due to several factors, but mainly inadequate personnel in terms of quality,
quantity and competence at various ranks; poor training and conditions of
service; lack of public co-operation; grossly inadequate logistic (especially
transportation, telecommunication, arms and ammunition, et cetera); poor remuneration
and lack of welfare programmes.
The
crisis of integrity and accountability manifests in terms of police corruption,
police incivility and brutality, and police-public antagonism. As a result of
its colonial history and protracted military rule, the Nigerian police have not
developed the culture of accountability to the public or citizens. Rather, the
force has been severally criticized for its brutality, corruption, extortion,
incivility, extra-judicial killings and impunity11. This further
exposes the need for proper training and orientation of officers to the value
of democratic accountability, respect for human rights, and observance of rule
of law, civility, and public assistance. Corruption by police is a worldwide
phenomenon as criminological research has shown. However, the extent, types and
pattern of police corruption vary across societies, reflecting the wider
social, economic and political structures of individual nations. Police
corruption has been a serious concern to the police authority in Nigeria, which
routinely purges the force of known corrupt officers. But, because of the
country’s political and economic environment as well as institutional inadequacies,
police corruption has persisted on a wide scale at all levels of police
functions12. While corruption is endemic in all segments of the
Nigerian society, it is particularly objectionable among the police because it
is their occupational responsibility to prevent and work at its elimination and
not to be responsible for its spread, entrenchment and legitimation as a norm
of social and official interactions13. While inadequacies of
infrastructure and under-funding contribute to the extent and public perception
of police corruption in the country, these cannot justify the disgraceful
leprous handshakes between commercial vehicle drivers and police officers at
check-points. The insinuation that a portion of the extorted money from such
handshakes is ‘remitted upwards” to senior officers is particularly worrisome.
This form of corruption has caused grave damage to the public perception and
estimation of individual police officers and the entire police force. These are
serious problems that the police authority, government and the society must
address and eliminate the factors that cause and sustain them. Closely related
to the problem of corruption and extortion is the incidence of collusion or
conspiracy between some police officers and criminals.
The
relationship between the police and the public is generally hostile14.
This is due to the historical legacy of oppression and continuing citizens’
experiences and misconceptions of police roles15. One of the major
hindrances to police legitimacy is police incivility or brutality. Some of the
factors that create and sustain these pre-conditions for public support are
beyond the police. Such factors include democratic and good governance, good
and responsive laws, economic and technological development, a deeply ingrained
socio-cultural values for justice and equity, compassion, and political
tolerance. In Nigeria, these conditions are largely absent. Consequently, the
Nigeria police suffer deficit of public legitimation and support. The public do
not respect, trust and support the police because their performance is poor.
Also, the public regards the character and level of accountability of the
police as grossly unsatisfactory. The police in the nation are generally feared
(but not respected), distrusted and despised by the Nigerian public. Many of the
problems in the Nigeria Police Force are self-evident and have been sources of more
serious concern to a majority of the people in the country. What is required is
a determination to address the problems. It is in view of this that the
federal government of Nigeria through Nigerian Police introduced Community
Policing in order to include both the police and all the Nigerians in the fight
against crime. Hence the current study is embarked to ascertain the
fruitfulness of the police-community partnership in crime control from 2007 to
2017 in Ibadan.
1.2 Research
Questions
The
specific research questions addressed in this study are:
i.
What is the social
perception of the Nigeria Police Force among community-dwellers in Ibadan?
ii.
How effective is police-public
interaction and interface in Ibadan?
iii.
What are the challenges
of policing in Ibadan?
iv.
How can notable successes
in crime prevention be achieved in Ibadan through community involvement in
setting priorities for and collaborating with police?
1.3 Objectives of the
research
The
general objective of this study is to conduct a historical analysis into the
origin and evolution of policing in Nigeria, with a view to exposing the gains,
strengths, errors and weaknesses of the police force; understanding the change
and dynamics of the past and relating the understanding to the present and
possibly have a sound base for policy recommendations that will enhance
performance and improve quality service-delivery in Ibadan and the Nigerian
society at large. Thus, the specific objectives are to:
i.
Find out if the social perception
of Nigeria Police in Ibadan is a reflection of the colonial experience in
Ibadan.
ii.
Find out the effectiveness
of police-public interaction and interface in Ibadan.
iii.
Determine the challenges
encountered by the police in the course of their operation in Ibadan.
iv.
Find out how notable
successes in crime prevention can be achieved in Ibadan through community involvement
in setting priorities for and collaborating with police.
1.4 Definition of Terms
§
Police:
The world Police was derived from the
Greek work ‘polis,’ meaning that part
of non-ecclesiastic administration having to do with safety, health and order
of the state. Police is a department of government responsible for the
preservation of law and order, detection of crime and enforcement of civil law.
There is a reason to emphasize this derivation, for every primordial societies
has had great social control mechanisms, and the basic characteristics of
social control are easiest to observe in primitive societies.
§ Policing:
This is the primary role of the police. Policing is first of all protection.
The primary role of police is securing compliance with existing laws and
conformity with precepts of social order. It is the means by which public (or
community) safety, security and public order are ensured at all times. In other
words, policing is the means by which the society regulates the behaviour of
its members.
§ Community: The concept of community
concerns a particularly constituted set of social relationships based on
something which the participants have in common – usually a common sense of
identity. It is, to paraphrase Talcott Parsons, frequently used to denote a
wide-ranging relationship of solidarity over a rather undefined area of life
and interests.
§
Community
Policing: Community policing is the police
working in partnership with the community; the community thereby participating
in its own policing; and the two working together, mobilizing resources to
solve problems affecting safety for long term, rather than the police working
in isolation. It is the philosophy of full service personalized
policing, where the same police officer patrols and works in the same area on a
permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership
with citizens to identify and solve problems’.
§ Crime:
There are several diverse definitions of “crime”, including the popular
definition, social definition and the legal definition. Socially, crime is a
social activity which is constituted in the society and which is contingent on
the constitution of poverty and power relations among some other things Crime
is a manifestation of the specific social relations. Since the legal definition
is the one that is used by the criminal justice system, this is the preferred
definition that is used in this study. Thus, we may define a crime as an
intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory and case
law) committed without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as
a felony or misdemeanour. Key elements of this definition are: The exhibition
of an act or the omission of an act that is required, intention, violation of
criminal law, defense or justification and sanction by the state.
§ Police Corruption:
Police corruption has been defined as the misuse of authority by a police
officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others.
Forms or types of police corruption include:…improper political influence;
acceptance of gratuities or bribes in exchange for non-enforcement of laws, …particularly
those relating to gambling, prostitution and liquor offences, which are often
extensively interconnected with organized crime; the fixing of traffic tickets;
minor thefts; and occasional burglaries.
§ Police Transparency:
This refers to openness of the police force in the formulation, implementation
and evaluation of policies, programmes and decisions. It implies a system that
is compliant with the rule of law as well as popular participation. These are
the elements of democracy and good governance.
§ Police Accountability: This
refers to honesty of the police force in the formulation, implementation and
evaluation of policies, programmes and decisions.
§ Crime Control: In this study,
crime control is the means of solving crime problems, arresting suspects,
processing and incapacitating offenders by the members of society, agents and
the criminal justice system.
§ Crime Prevention: In this study, it is the
present interventions in stopping future crime.
§ Crime Reduction: It is all the effort
from the people and the government to reduce the rate of crime in a given
society.
§ Law Enforcement Agency: This is an agency of the
criminal justice administration charged with the responsibility of maintaining
law and order in society. They are those that are responsible for detecting,
fighting and controlling crime in any society. E.g. Police.
§ Perception: It is the way a set of
people see or understand a given circumstances, or the awareness created by
some people about something or issues.
§ Vigilance Group/Traditional Policing: Principally, they are traditional
crime prevention and social control mechanisms responsible for law enforcement
and also to detect and arrest criminals. It also mean indigenous police system
used before the advent of the colonialists, whereby the Emirs in the North,
uses palace guards, the Oba in the West, makes use of palace guards, while the
South-east Council of Elders uses age-grade to ensure order.
1.5 Significance
of the research
Policing in communities
should be based on a clear understanding of the connection between
order-maintenance and crime prevention. The best way to fight crime is to fight
the disorder that precedes it. In the face of ever increasing acts of
lawlessness, social disorder, armed robbery, and senseless, malicious
assassinations in Nigeria, it has become necessary to look for causal explanations
that go beyond superficial semantics. Possessing a great deal of knowledge
about the existing research, policy-makers would embrace the view that
community involvement in setting priorities for crime prevention, and
collaborating with police, can ‘work’ to prevent crime and thus, can help
foster community safety. Therefore, it is hoped that,
when concluded, the outcome of the study will provide some direction to police authorities
on the type(s) of intervention(s) that involve(s) a shift toward
‘community-oriented (preventive) policing’ and away from ‘incident-oriented
(reactive) policing’. Furthermore, this study is intended to add to the body of
literature on ‘Nigeria Police and Community policing’ and thus, serve as
reference material for prospective researchers.
1.6 Literature
review
This
section reviews and critiques existing literature on the subject of ‘Nigeria
Police and Community Policing’. There is hardly any comprehensive work written exclusively
on “the Nigeria Police and Community in Ibadan between 2007 and 2017”. Thus, in
order to know various studies that have been conducted on police and policing,
and possible gap in knowledge, the review of literature available within the
preview of the objectives of the present study has been sub-divided into
subheadings. While it is nearly impossible to use all existing works in review
of this nature, efforts would be made to review few works that are directly
relevant to this study. It begins with ‘concept and definition of police and
policing campus violence’, followed by ‘origin of ca’.
1.6.1 Concept and Definition of Police and
Policing
It
is well known and established all over the world that peace and security of
life and property is a necessary pre-condition for development. The principal
agency charged with the responsibility of internal peace and security of nation-states
all over the world is the police. Police are the most visible governmental
agents through which the character of a government and political system may be
assessed. This is so because the police are the guardian or vanguard of the
status quo. To a large extent, the actions and behaviour of the police reflect
the political and economic character of society as well as what those in power
are willing or able to tolerate or condone5.
The
Nigeria Police Force is a product of the nation’s Constitution. The 1999
Constitution, cited by Alemika and Chukwuma,14 explicitly prohibited
the establishment of State Police forces other than the Nigeria Police Force.
Section 214(1) stipulates:
“There shall be a
Police Force for Nigeria, which shall be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and
subject to the provisions of this Section no other police force shall be
established for the Federation or any part thereof.”
17
Scholars
have defined and conceptualized policing in various ways. Barley et al. define
policing as the activity of making societies safe which entails intentional
attempts to regulate the distribution of physical security produced by actual
or potential use of force.18 According to Femi Odekunle, “the
central objective of policing is to provide security, or at least a social and
psychological feeling of security, for a majority of citizens, in a majority of
places and for most of the time”.19 This will involve prevention and
control of criminality, maintenance of public order and peace, rendering of
assistance and service to all citizens needing or requiring security and
symbolizing the law and the government by always upholding the rule of law.20
In this study, the researcher takes policing to mean all activities carried out
by the police to fulfil its mandate of maintaining internal peace and security.
1.6.2 Social Perception of Nigeria Police Force
The
establishment of the Nigeria Police Public Relations Department (NPPRD), saddled with the responsibility of
improving relationship between the police and the civil populace,
notwithstanding, have grappled with the problem of improving police public
image. A publication, titled “Creating a
Better Police Image, Nigeria Police Information Booklet,”21 stipulates
the statutory roles of NPPRD to include the following:
“To spotlight
anything likely to cause police-public friction and advise the authorities of
the situation and suggest action to remove it; to publicize the good work of
the police so that the public will appreciate such services; to gain and
sustain a favourable public opinion about the police force; to establish and
strengthen sound relationship with well-meaning citizens and to win over the
“fence sitters” by effectively communicating with them; to educate the public
on the functions and roles of the police in the society; planning and
coordination of the Force public relations policies with a view to improving
police relationship with the public; serving as the central source of public
information concerning the force and the only official channel of publicity for
the force; production and distribution of the force’s magazine, newsletters,
press releases, feature articles, statistics, photographs, films, advertisements
and other publicity documents to the information media and the public;
establishment and maintenance of an internal information and reference service
within the force; examination of complaints from the public; and education of
ranks on the importance of public relations”21.
The
publication further outlines the causes of public distrust of men and officers
of the force:
“Dissatisfaction
in handling of reports due to the public ignorance of police methods and the
law; rude treatment of citizens who come to the police with cases; an
overbearing attitude and an attempt to deflect the ego of the citizen in public;
discourteous approach of policemen controlling or checking traffic in the
cities; unpleasant tone of voice; unnecessary show of force and bestial
pleasure to hurt people while controlling crowd; rough treatment of suspects
and other offenders; taking advantage of other citizens when driving police
vehicles such as breaking speed limits and jumping of lanes; showing partiality
to women, friends and relations in handling cases; assumption of proud airs by
policemen to cover their shortcomings; drinking in uniform while on duty;
unkempt and careless dress and appearance; and tendency to expect unmerited
rewards for performing lawful duties” 22.
However,
the aforementioned publication suggests some basic rules which every member of the
police force should embrace as their operational creed in their quest to
transforming their organization into a responsive, accountable, civil and
people-centred:
“Smile and be
polite (not weak) and avoid rudeness; enthusiasms instead of dullness – show
interest in what you have at hand, learn about your job and locality to be able
to discuss any problem freely and confidently; use courteous words instead of
sharp retorts; response instead of indifference. Listen to those who come to
complain, show you are interested and be alert to their moods; warmth instead
of coolness, warmth attracts warmth, no one can respond to you if you are cold
and aloof; understanding instead of closed mind, keep an open mind to be able
to discuss, reason, discern and arrive at sound judgment; attention instead of
neglect, listen and if necessary disagree politely; patience instead of
irritation; sincerity instead of sham. Say exactly what you mean. Be honest and
straight forward in dealing with the public; consideration instead of annoyance,
listen without annoyance; to persuade without apparent force is evidence of
maturity; facts instead of arguments, facts are your best weapon because they
cannot be denied and can be repeated without confusion, don’t argue, reason;
creative ideas – the world is progressing so must you or you fall by the way
side, you have to think progressively, the days of the bluster muscle police
are gone, working mostly alone you must act promptly without reference to you
superiors; helpfulness instead of hindrance; giving you time to assist others
and asking nothing in return is the most difficult but most rewarding
experience; action instead of dilatory tactics; and appreciation instead of
ingratitude”23.
1.6.3 Police – Public Interaction and Interface
According
to Alemika and Chukwuma, relationships between the Nigeria Police and the
citizens are largely characterized by suspicion, prejudiced, mutual disrespect,
conflict and violence. In essence, the inability of the police to connect with
the public as a result of their widely reported belligerent and criminal
attitudes has alienated the public14. The conducts of the Nigerian
police is largely at variance with the aforementioned lofty tips on how to
engage the public. Reports have shown that the police-public relationship is
plagued with mistrust, suspicion, betrayals and hatred. Okiro, former
Inspector-General of Police, explains the historical antecedents of police
anti-people stance and its repressive posture:
“The people who
hated the idea of armed military-styled police in their own soil created and
used armed police to keep the colonies in perpetual subjugation. The colonial
masters recruited into the Nigeria Police illiterate men who were outcasts,
ex-slaves and criminals who could carry out colonial orders, even against
fellow Nigerians without question or critical analysis. The policeman was used
by the colonial masters to collect taxes from unwilling Nigerians and suppress
Nigerians who were agitating against colonial rule. Examples included the cold
blooded killing of workers in Burukutu in 1947, the brutal suppression of the
Aba women riot in 1929, the murder of Chief Abiyoko of Ajido for resisting
arrest”24.
In
his evaluation of police repressive attitude toward the citizens, Mawby, cited
in the Awake Magazine, echoes Okiro’s assertion:
“Incidents of
police brutality, corruption, violence, murder and abuse of power punctuated
almost every decade of colonial police history. The colonial masters created a global
impression of policing as a government force not a public service”25.
Alemika
and Chukwuma documented the largely repressive, ruthless and criminal legacy
bequeathed to Nigeria Police Force by its colonial forerunner:
“The British
colonial government established police forces in the territory and organized
them as constabulary and para-military forces. The Forces were employed in
various colonial wars and punitive expeditions. They were also used in
maintaining the exploitation and repression of labour. In some of these cases,
the police used ‘batons, rifles and revolvers’, to suppress, maim and kill
persons who opposed colonial rule and policies.…The frequent use of police to
scuttle, disperse and break strikes led to the killing of 21 miners and 50
wounded workers during the Enugu colliery strike in 1949”14.
According
to Johnson, since April 1, 1930, when the present Nigeria Police Force was
formed, there have been little efforts to exorcise the Force from its colonial evils.
Hence,
“Nigeria Police of
the 21st century is still a relic of the 1879 Colony of Lagos Constabulary in
spirit and soul…the force has remained trapped in the vision its creator (the
British colonial government) crafted for it: an instrument of coercion and
oppression”26.
The
inability of the Nigeria Police to transform itself into a people-friendly
force and social service-oriented organization, love and trusted by the public
has affected its public image and perception. Bothered by the public image of
the force, the former Inspector-General of Police, Sunday Ehindero counselled
his men and officers to change their policing methods and eschew illegal
practices such as extortion and extra-judicial killings27. According
to Obijiofor, the Nigerian public is yet to develop trust and confidence in the
police. A genial relationship between the police and civil society in Nigeria
is simply non-existent. It would take a long time, perhaps decades, to
establish a good working relationship between the police and civil society. It
would also take radical changes in the police, their attitudes to their job, as
well as changes to how they respond to public calls for protection from
criminal groups28.
Obijiofor
further reveals the depth of mutual distrust existing between the public and
police and its impact on effective policing. He said that The Nigeria community
does not trust the Nigeria Police. The police too have no respect for the
community. When members of the community witness a crime, they run away from
the police rather than run to the police to report the crime. This makes the
task of policing very difficult. And given the soured relationship between the
police and the members of the public it is not surprising that the Force has
been largely ineffective in performing its constitutional roles29. The
Network on Police Reform in Nigeria (NOPRIN) in its 2007 Interim Report on the Nigeria
Police put the Force brutalization and wanton killing of defenceless people in perspective:
“The evidence from
NOPRIN’s monitoring of police practices covering over 400 police stations in 14
States of Nigeria found a police institution whose work has been criminalized.
Police personnel kill, torture, extort, and commit rape, safe in the knowledge
that they are unlikely to suffer consequences for such misconduct. Such brutal
police practices have thus become the routine of policing in Nigeria”30.
The
Punch, in its editorial of August 5, 2005, titled “Police and Rights Violation,”31 detailed some largely
unwholesome acts perpetrated against members of the public by Nigerian police which
have affected public confidence in the Force:
“The Police Mobile
Force is nicknamed “Kill and Go” because its members are notorious for
extra-judicial killings. For refusing to part with a N20 (twenty naira)
gratification, they have sent many commercial drivers to their early graves
while on daily basis, policemen harass law abiding citizens and boast that they
can “waste you” and “nothing will happen.” When the police arrest bandits or
illegally raid streets, drinking parlours and joints, most of those arrested,
who could not bribe their way to freedom, are often tortured and dumped in the
prison for years on holden charges, without any credible evidence to prosecute
them”.
The
Nigerian policeman cannot be left out of this need to help oneself. Those of
them who have guns are hiring them out for fee. It is interesting to recall the
Iyamu case here32. Police officers at the check points often
terrorize and often shoot un-cooperating motorists even they are not suspected
of any crime as such. The brutality and the dehumanizing approach at our road
blocks have to be explained in the light of declining economic fortunes with
within which Nigerians operate. Nigerian policemen are after-all human beings
and are open to temptation just like other members of the society. The police
force has consistently officially stated that its people are on the highways to
prevent crime and apprehend criminals, and not to perform traffic duties33.
But Nigerians know better that rather than preventing crimes or apprehend
criminals, policemen perform more the job of “Oga wetin you carry, your particulars” with all its consequences. Most
of the unemployed graduates of today would not join the Nigeria Police Force as
a last resort. The reasons are not unconnected with the poor pay and the poor
image of the Nigeria Police Force in the eyes of the public. Most policemen are
shabbily dressed and most often beg for free ride.
1.6.4 Challenges of Policing in Nigeria
The
challenges of policing in Nigeria are well documented by scholars and
practitioners. According to Femi Odekunle, the challenges of policing in
Nigeria can be categorized as material inadequacies, human problems (quality of
personnel in the force) and other factors such as absence of an overall crime
prevention/control policy, body and planning; political interference; materialistic,
greedy, corrupt and indisciplined socio-economic environment and the inherited colonial
legal system34. It must be pointed out that scholars are not unaware
of the very difficult conditions under which police operate in Nigeria. As
Chidi Odinkalu has documented, the police in Nigeria are called upon to do a most
difficult job. They suffer severe constraints of inadequate training, poor
appropriations, political interference, and resulting debilities in personnel,
traditions, material and morale. Every year, a significant number of Police
personnel lose their lives on duty. Their families and survivors struggle along
without hardly any acknowledgement or support from the society35.
Solomon
Arase and Iheanyi Iwuofor have documented the challenges of policing in Nigeria
and the response of Inspectors General from Musliu A. K, Smith through Tafa Balogun
to Sunday Ehindero36. The issues identified are similar and include
among other things funding of the police, increasing crime wave, the need for
training and re-training, corruption within and outside the police, community
policing, public relations/image of the police, inter-service and agency
co-operation, conditions of service and welfare of police officers and the need
for a paradigm shift in policing. Inspector General Smith (1999-2002) focused
his reform programme on increasing the strength of the force, provision of
barracks accommodation, rehabilitation of police training colleges, police communication
and equipment and police image. In March, 2002, the then Inspector General of
Police Mr. Tafa A. Balogun formulated an 8 point agenda to address the
challenges confronting the police in Nigeria namely:
“Massive onslaught
against robbers, gruesome murder, assassination and other crimes of violence [Operation
“Fire-for-Fire” was adopted as the methodology]; fast and decisive crisis/conflict management; comprehensive training
programme, conducive for qualitative policing; serious anti-corruption crusade,
both within and outside the force; robust public relations necessary for the
vision of “People’s Police;” community partnership in policing, the modern
approach all over the world inter-Service/agency cooperation at all levels, and
improved conditions of service and enhanced welfare package for all officers,
inspectors and rank and file”37.
On
18th January, 2005, Sunday Gabriel Ehindero became the Inspector General of Police
and he enunciated a ten point programme as follows:
“Effective crime
prevention and control through intelligence led policing; combat of violent and
economic crimes; conflict prevention and resolution; community policing and
police public partnership; zero tolerance for police corruption and
indiscipline; improved career development, salary and welfare packages to
motivate police officers and thereby promote better service delivery and
discipline, re-organization of the investigation outfit of the force to ensure
prompt and timely investigation of cases; contribute positively to improving
the quality of justice delivery in Nigeria; empower field officers
operationally by devolution of powers to improve the standards, reliability,
consistency and responsiveness of the service and to re-orient Force Public Relations
Officer (FPRO) to focus on improving public perception and image of the Force”38.
On
4th June, 2007, Sir Mike Okiro became the Inspector General of Police and he
outlined a 9 point agenda namely39:
“Transparency and
accountability, war on corruption, crime prevention, intelligence and crime
data base, training, police Public image, human rights, community policing and
inter-agency cooperation”.
From
the above, it is clear that the challenges facing policing in Nigeria are well
known and documented by scholars and practitioners. The problem has been lack
of strategic approach to dealing with the challenges, poor leadership and
management to apply workable solutions in a democratic society.
1.6.5 Remedy to Police Malady in Nigeria
Studies
have linked orderly behaviour to the fear of crime, the potential for serious
crime and to urban decay in global societies. In 1982, political scientists
James Wilson and criminologist George Kelling published an article under the
title ‘broken windows,’ arguing that policing in communities should be based on
a clear understanding of the connection between order-maintenance and crime
prevention. In their view, the best way to fight crime is to fight the disorder
that precedes it. Communities can decay into disorder and crime, if no one
attends to their maintenance. The analysis implies that if disorderly
behaviours in public places are control then a significant drop in crime will
follow. Wilson and Kelling therefore argue in favour of ‘community policing’ in
communities. This means many more police officers on foot-patrol and fewer in
police cars responding to emergency calls. Law enforcement should be a
technique for crime prevention rather than a vehicle for reacting to crime. These
ideas have achieved notable successes in reducing crime-rates and urban decay
in many cities in world societies. Typically, these involve some mixture of
Neighbourhood Watch programmes, zero tolerance of minor public disorders, a
shift toward ‘community-oriented’ (preventive) and away from
‘incident-oriented’ (reactive) policing, police involvement in local youth
projects, decentralization of authority to individual police officers, and
community involvement in setting priorities for and collaborating with
prosecutors, police, probation officers, and criminal justice officials40.
In
Nigeria, level of crime rate is high. There is high level of insecurity among
the citizens with rampant cases of armed robbery and kidnapping. The social perception
of the police is very poor. There are daily complaints of police brutality and
extortion from members of the public. There is therefore the need for the
Nigeria Police Force to also become strategic in its approach to policing to be
able to overcome the challenges of policing in Nigeria identified above. There
are many strategic issues that affect the organization, efficiency and
effectiveness of the police as an organization. In this study, the researcher
will address only nine of them:
a) Recruitment into the
Police Force: Management studies have established
that what make organizations great are the people within the organizations.
This is why organizations take recruitment of quality personnel seriously. In
the recent past, recruitment into the Nigeria Police Force has been
problematic. On return to civilian rule in 1999, the Federal Government in a
bid to address the security challenges in the country gave a directive that
forty thousand police officers be recruited from 2000 to 2005. But as the M. D.
Yusuf Presidential Committee on the reform of the Nigeria Police Force has
documented, “the recruitment exercise was carried out in a very unwholesome
manner without adherence to the established rules and guidelines governing the
screening and recruitment of candidates, resulting in the recruitment of unqualified
and even sub-standard characters into the force”41. When the Police
Service Commission was reconstituted on 15th April, 2008, it committed itself
to promoting integrity and merit by ensuring that appointments and promotion
are based on seniority, merit, equity and availability of vacancies42.
In 2008, 12, 936 Constables were recruited into the Force in 2009, 3,783
Constables were recruited43. The Police Service Commission has
already put in place mechanism for recruitment into the police in line with the
M. D. Yusuf report and Police regulations. What is required is the will and
cooperation of all stakeholders to adhere to the guidelines and the capacity to
put in place monitoring mechanisms to checkmate abuses of the process.
b) Human Capital Development
within the Force: It is widely
acknowledged by all that human capital development is the key to superior
performance and sustainability of any organization. In terms of policing there
is a minimum number of personnel that can be utilized for effective policing.
The United Nation prescribes a ratio of one police officer to four hundred
persons (1:400). According to the M. D. Yusuf report, there are 371,800 police
officers in Nigeria which translates to a ratio of one police officer to three hundred
and seventy seven persons (1:377). This shows clearly that the problem of the police
in Nigeria is not with the number but with the “level of training, kitting, competence
and technical proficiency, which currently, the Nigeria Police does not possess”38.
It is therefore of strategic importance that the issue of human resource development
in the police be addressed squarely.
c) Change of Attitude:
For there to be strategic oriented policing in Nigeria, there should be an
attitudinal change in police administration and law enforcement. There must be
a change in the way police officers relate with members of the public and the
way police authorities react to allegations of police brutality through denial
and/or rebuttal. In addition, there is the need to take action against any
officer that acts contrary to force orders and police regulations.
d) Operations:
The M. D. Yusuf report has documented that the present state of police operations
in crime, riot control and the maintenance of public safety have been greatly hampered
by the gross inadequacies of human, material and technological resources made
available to the Nigeria Police Force by successive governments38.
Various human rights organizations including CLEEN Foundation, NOPRIN, Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch have also documented that police
operations violate the rights of citizens in various ways. There is the need to
change strategy of operations from a militarized “fire for fire” mentality to
service-orientation. In practice, the conduct of police is at variance with
police regulations and force orders. It is therefore necessary that there is
strengthening of police internal control mechanism and disciplinary procedure
as well as effective oversight by the relevant oversight bodies (Police
Council, Police Service Commission and the National Assembly). Over the last
few years, the Police Service Commission has tried to formulate policies aimed
at the efficiency and discipline of the Nigeria Police Force. It has approved
four policies for the police. The Policies include domestic violence policy,
gender policy, policy on in-custody death and policy on death during police
operations. There is an urgent need for the police management to operationalize
these policies. In addition, the commission has given priority to treating
disciplinary cases involving police officers. At inauguration, the commission
met a huge backlog of disciplinary cases which have been treated. In 2008, a
total of 127 cases were treated. Three officers were exonerated, five were
given letter of advice, 13 were given reprimand, 39 were given severe
reprimand, the rank of nine officers were reduced, 21 were compulsorily
retired, four were recalled from suspension and eleven referred for further
investigation44. In 2009, a total of 150 cases were treated. Five
officers were exonerated, five officers were given letter of advice, 13
officers were reprimanded, 31 officers were given severe reprimand, 16 officers
had their rank reduced, 47 officers were compulsorily retired and 33 officers
were dismissed from the force45. There is the need to continue to
treat disciplinary cases with dispatch.
1.6.6 Conclusion
The
police is the principal agency charged with the responsibility of internal peace
and security of nations. In Nigeria, the Nigeria Police Force is
constitutionally and legally empowered to police the country for peace and
security. But the policing in Nigeria is bedevilled with a lot of challenges.
Scholars and practitioners have identified the challenges facing the policing
in Nigeria. They include the problems of funding, increasing crime wave, poor
training, corruption within and outside the police, lack of involvement of
citizens in policing, poor public image, lack of inter-service and agency
co-operation and poor conditions of service and welfare of police officers.
It
is suggest that the Nigeria Police Force need embrace a more community-oriented
policing initiative and that the police force be strategic in its approach to
policing to be able to overcome the challenges of policing. The beginning point
is to identify the strategic issues that affect the organization, efficiency
and effectiveness of the police as an organization. In our view some of the
strategic issues that need to be addressed are recruitment, human capital
development, change of attitude, operations, corruption, image of the force,
funding, leadership and management, and monitoring and evaluation.
1 Onyeozili:
C. E.: “Obstacles to Effective Policing in Nigeria”. (African Journal of Criminology
and Justice Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1: April, 2005): 39.
2 Sections
19-26 of Police Act.
3 The law
was initially enacted in 1943, by the British colonial government and there had
been only very minor modifications. The contents of the legislation were
similar to those enacted for other British colonial Africa countries like
Zambia, Ghana and Tanzania. Nigeria has a national police force. There were
local police forces up to 1966 when the military first intervened in the
nation’s politics and seized power. Local police forces, which existed side by
side with the national police (Nigeria Police Force), were disbanded by the
military as a result of complaint of corruption, poor training and standard,
political partisanship – they were used to rig elections and brutalize
opponents.
4 The
Holy Bible with Encyclopedia, “The Beatitudes” (The New Testament, King James Version (KJV), 2005) Matthew, chapter 5
verse 13.
5 ALEMIKA,
E. E. O.,
“History, Context and Crises of the Police in Nigeria”. Presentation
at the Biennial Retreat of the Police Service Commission on the theme, “Repositioning the Nigeria Police to Meet
the Challenges of the Policing a Democratic Society in the Twenty-First Century
and beyond” (held at the Le Meridian Hotel, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, November,
1-4, 2010): 10-11
6 Ibid. 11-12
7 Alemika,
E. E. O. “Colonialism, State and Policing in Nigeria” (Crime, Law and Social Change 20, 1993): 187-219
8 Onoge,
O. F.: Social conflicts and crime control
in Colonial Nigeria. In Tamuno, et
al. eds. Policing Nigeria: Past,
Present and Future, (1993).
9 Onyeozili:
C. E.: “Obstacles to Effective Policing in Nigeria”. (African Journal of Criminology
and Justice Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1: April, 2005): 39.
10 Ajayi,
J. O. and Aderinto A. A. “Crime Wave and Public Confidence in Oodua People‘s
Congress in Lagos Nigeria”. (African
Journal for the Psychological study of Social Issues Vol. II (2), 2008):76
11 Tamuno,
T. N. The Police in Modern Nigeria
(Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press, 1970).
12 Adeyemi,
A. A. “Corruption in the Administration of justice in Nigeria”, paper presented
at the National Conference on the Problems of Corruption in Nigeria”, (held by the Nigerian Institute of
Advanced legal Studies, at the Chelsea Hotel, Abuja, March 26-29, 2001).
13 Alemika,
E. E. O.: “Police Community Relations in Nigeria: What Went Wrong?” (Paper Presented at the Seminar on Role and
Function of the Police in a Post-Military Era, Organized by the Centre for Law
Enforcement Education in Nigeria (CLEEN) and the National Human Rights
Commission (NHRC) at the Savannah Suite, Abuja, F. C. T., from 8th to 10th
March, 1999): 10.
14
Alemika, E. E. O. and Chukwuma I.: Police
Community Violence in Nigeria. (Lagos: Lagos Centre for Law Enforcement,
2000), pp. 11-32.
15
Alemika, E. E. O.: “Colonialism, State and Policing in Nigeria”. (Crime, Law and Social Change 20, 1993a):
187 – 219.
16
Ibidapo-Obe, A.: “Police Brutality: Dimension and Control” In Chukwuma Innocent and Akin Ibidapo-Obe
(eds.) (Law Enforcement and Human Rights in Nigeria Lagos: Civil Liberties
Organization, 1995).
17 Federal
Republic of Nigeria (2001). The Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, 1999 (Amendment) vol. 11. Lagos: Government Press.
18 Barley,
H. D. and Shering, D. C. The new
Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualizations and Research Agenda.
(Washington DC, National Institute of Justice, 2001)
19 Odekunle,
‘F. “Overview of Policing in Nigeria: Problems and Suggestions” in Alemika, E. O. A. and Chukwuma, I. C. (Eds),
Crime and Policing in Nigeria: Challenges
and Options. (Lagos, Network on Police Reform in Nigeria, 2004).
20 Ibid
21 The
Nigeria Police Force: A Handbook of
General Information, (Lagos: The Nigeria Police Force Headquarters, 1981),
pp. 5.
22 Ibid, p. 6.
23 Ibid.
24 Okiro,
M. “The Police and National Service,” (A
lecture delivered at Security Watch Award, 2005), pp. 5-6.
25 Mawby,
R. Policing across the World (Quoted in Awake Magazine, 2002).
26 Johnson,
W. A. “Redeeming the Nigeria Police,” (Security
and Safety magazine Issue 64, 2005).pp. 3.
27 Ehindero,
S. I.G Scraps Operation-Fire-for-Fire (The
Punch newspaper, January 26, 2005) p. 9.
28 Obijiofor,
L. “Mindless Men in Uniform,” (The
Guardian newspaper, July 15, 2005), pp. 51
29 Ibid, pp. 55
30 Network
on Police Reform in Nigeria (NOPRIN), Criminal
Force? An Interim Report on the Nigeria Police Force. [2007]. Retrieved on
the 10th of September, 2018, from the following website:
Africacenter.org/wpcontent/uploads/2009/10/Criminal-Force-An-Interim-on-the
Nigeria Police
31 The
Punch newspaper, “Police and Rights Violation,” (August 5, 2005).
32 Olurode,
L. The Story of Anini (Lagos:Kristal
Publications, 1990), particularly Chapter 6.
33 Nigerian
Tribune, 22nd August 1988, p. 3, where the Assistant Inspector of
Police for Zone II, Alhaji Aliya Atta, made the assertion.
34 Odekunle,
F. “Overview of Policing in Nigeria: Problems and Suggestions,” In Alemika, E. O. A. and Chukwuma, I. C. (Eds),
Crime and Policing in Nigeria: Challenges and Options. (Lagos, Network on
Police Reform in Nigeria, 2004).
35 Odinkalu,
Anselm Chidi (2004), Changing Roles of Civil Society in Promoting Safety and
Security in Nigeria in
36 Arase,
S. E. and Iwuofor, I. P. O. Policing Nigeria in the 21st Century. (Ibadan,
Spectrum Books, 2004).
37 Balogun,
T. Vanguard (Monday, March 25, 2002).
38 Otive
I. “Strategic Oriented Policing”. A Paper
Presented at the Police Service Commission Biennial Retreat on the Challenges
of Policing in a Democratic Society in The 21st Century and Beyond (at Uyo,
Akwa-Ibom State from 1st -4th November, 2010).
39 Okiro,
Mike Mbama (2009), In Otive I. “Strategic
Oriented Policing”. A Paper Presented at
the Police Service Commission Biennial Retreat on the Challenges of Policing in
a Democratic Society in The 21st Century and Beyond (at Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State
from 1st -4th November, 2010).
40 George
Kelling and Catherine Coles, “Fixing
Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in our Communities,” In John Scott and Gordon Marshall, Clear,
Comprehensive, and Contemporary Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (Oxford, New
York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
41 Presidential
Committee on the Reform of the Nigeria Police Force, (Main Report, Vol.11) p. 22
42 Police
Service Commission (2008), Annual Report
43 Police
Service Commission (2009) Report
44 Police
Service Commission (2008) Annual Report, In Otive
I. “Strategic Oriented Policing”. A
Paper Presented at the Police Service Commission Biennial Retreat on the
Challenges of Policing in a Democratic Society in The 21st Century and Beyond (at
Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State from 1st -4th November, 2010).
45 Police
Service Commission (2009) Annual Report In
Otive I. “Strategic Oriented Policing”.
A Paper Presented at the Police Service
Commission Biennial Retreat on the Challenges of Policing in a Democratic Society
in The 21st Century and Beyond (at Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State from 1st -4th November,
2010).
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