Abstract
This
study sought to determine the knowledge of cancer, cardiovascular, perinatal
and respiratory diseases caused by tobacco use among civil servants in
Abakaliki metropolis. Survey design was adopted in the study which enabled the
researcher to assess opinions on the issue. Primary data were generated using a
well-structured questionnaire used for eliciting opinion and 333 respondents
were sampled through the use of Taro Yamane statistical formula. The study
employed the use of frequencies and percentage for treatment of descriptive
data and chi-square for testing the hypothesis with alpha level of 0.05.
Findings indicate that tobacco use makes it harder for a woman to get pregnant,
it weakens the body’s immune system thereby damaging the cell’s DNA. Also
findings proves that civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis have little on the
above mentioned diseases caused by tobacco use. Based on this findings, the
study therefore recommends a legislated ban on tobacco use such that policies
will be made in other to reduce the increased trend of smoking in our society.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
Page
i
Approval
Page
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Table
of Contents
vi
List
of Tables
vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
6
1.3 Purpose
of the Study
6
1.4 Significance
of Study
7
1.5 Scope
of the Study
8
1.6 Research
Questions
8
1.7 Hypotheses
9
CHAPTER TWO: REWIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
2.1
Sources of Literature
10
2.2
Conceptual Framework
10
2.2.1
Concept of Tobacco
10
2.2.2
Diseases Caused by Tobacco Use
12
2.2.2.1
Respiratory Disease
12
2.2.2.2
How Tobacco Use Cause Respiratory Disease 13
2.2.2.3
Cancer Disease
14
2.2.2.4
How Tobacco Use Cause Cancer Disease 15
2.2.2.5
Classes of Cancer Disease 16
2.2.2.6
Cardiovascular Disease
18
2.2.2.7
How Tobacco Use Cause Cardiovascular Disease 20
2.2.2.8
Perinatal Disease
20
2.2.2.9
How Tobacco Use Cause Perinatal Conditions 22
2.2.3
Characteristics of Tobacco 22
2.2.4
Symptoms of Diseases Caused by Tobacco Use 24
2.2.5
Benefits of Quitting Smoking and Other Related Tobacco Use 25
2.3
Theoretical Framework 26
2.4
Review of Empirical Studies
27
2.5
Summary of the Reviewed Literature
28
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design
29
3.2
Area of Study
30
3.3
Population of Study
30
3.4
Sample and Sampling Technique
30
3.5
Instrument for Data Collection 32
3.6
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
32
3.7
Method of Data Collection
33
3.8
Method of Data Analysis
34
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Presentation
35
4.2
Test of Hypotheses 38
4.3
Discussion of Results and Findings
44
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Summary 46
5.2
Conclusion
46
5.3
Recommendations 47
5.4
Limitations of Study
48
5.5
Suggestions for Further Study
48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
49
APPENDIXES
50
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1: Respondents Sex Distribution?
34
Table
2: Do you have knowledge that tobacco can cause some disease? 35
Table
3: Do you agree that tobacco use cause cancer disease? 35
Table
4: Do you agree that tobacco use cause cardiovascular disease? 36
Table
5: Do you agree that tobacco use causes respiratory disease? 36
Table
6: Do you agree that tobacco use causes perinatal conditions? 37
Table
7: Do you agree that quitting tobacco use can enhance one’s life? 37
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
WHO (2000) defined Tobacco as a
green, leafy plant that is grown in warm climates. After it is picked, it is
dried, ground up, and used in different ways. It can be smoked in a cigarette,
pipe, or cigar. It can be chewed (called smokeless tobacco or chewing tobacco)
or sniffed through the nose (called snuff). Nicotine is one of the more than
4,000 chemicals in cigarettes and its smoke. It is the chemical that makes
tobacco addictive or habit forming. Once we smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco,
nicotine goes into our bloodstream, and our body wants more. The nicotine in
tobacco makes it a drug. This means that when we use tobacco, it changes our
body in some way. Because nicotine is a stimulant, it speeds up the nervous
system, so we feel like we have more energy. It also makes the heart beat
faster and raises blood pressure.
Tobacco consumption, either in smokeless form
or as smoking, is reported to be responsible for major diseases, such as; cancers
diseases, cardiovascular diseases, perinatal diseases and respiratory diseases.
Whatsoever control strategy is being used, the community participation is of
utmost importance, which will depend largely on the level of the knowledge in
the community.
Cancer is one of the
primary risks of tobacco usage, this include many forms of cancer, particularly
lung cancer, kidney cancer,
cancer of the larynx and head and neck, bladder cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the pancreas and stomach cancer. Studies have
established a relationship between tobacco smoke, including secondhand smoke,
and cervical cancer in women. Cigar and or pipe smoking cause cancers
of the oral cavity (mouth) and the upper digestive tract (oropharynx and
hypo pharynx, larynx
and oesophagus). The risk
increases with the amount smoked and when smoking is combined with alcohol
consumption. Cigar and or pipe smoking also causes lung cancer
and there is evidence that it may cause pancreatic, stomach and bladder cancer.
Flanders (2006), Cardiovascular
disease (CVD) is a general term that describes a disease of the heart or
blood vessels. Blood flow
to the heart, brain or body can be reduced as the result of a blood clot
(thrombosis), or by a build-up of fatty deposits inside an artery
that cause the artery to harden and narrow (atherosclerosis).
There are four main types of cardiovascular disease, they are: coronary
heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, aortic disease. Cardiovascular
diseases are a major public health challenge. Smoking plays a major role in
cardiovascular pathophysiology. Therefore efforts are required to address the
problem especially at preventive level. Public smoking bans are related to
fewer admissions for both cardiovascular and respiratory conditions.
Legislative efforts to reduce exposure to smoking are needed especially in the
developing countries, where prevalence of smoking is rising.
Tverdal
(2006) explained that, the respiratory system extends from the nose and upper
airway to the alveolar surface of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. Inhaled
tobacco smoke moves from the mouth through the upper airway, ultimately
reaching the alveoli. As the smoke moves more deeply into the respiratory
tract, more soluble gases are adsorbed and particles are deposited in the airways
and alveoli. The substantial doses of carcinogens and toxins delivered to these
sites place smokers at risk for malignant and nonmalignant diseases involving
all components of the respiratory tract including the mouth. The nonmalignant
respiratory diseases caused by smoking contribute substantially to the burden
of morbidity and mortality attributable to smoking and other means of tobacco
use. To protect the lungs from injury, the respiratory tract has an elegant set
of mechanisms for handling the particles and gases in inhaled air.
Most people do not know that smoking
causes cancer, heart disease, and other major health problems. Smoking during
pregnancy causes additional health problems, including premature birth
(being born too early), certain birth defects,
and infant death.
Smoking makes it harder for some woman to get pregnant. Women who smoke during
pregnancy are more likely than other women to have a miscarriage.
(Chaung,2011). he further stated that Smoking can cause problems with the
placenta the source of the baby's food and
oxygen during pregnancy. For example, the placenta can separate from the womb
too early, causing bleeding, which is dangerous to the mother and baby. Women who smoke may
have a modest increase in risks for ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion.
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for premature
rupture of membranes, abruptio placentae (placenta separation from the uterus),
and placenta previal (abnormal location of the placenta, which can cause
massive hemorrhaging during delivery; smoking is also associated with a modest
increase in risk for preterm delivery. Infants born to women who smoke during
pregnancy have a lower average birth weight and are more likely to be small for
gestational age than infants born to women who do not smoke. Low birth weight
is associated with increased risk for neonatal, perinatal, and infant morbidity
and mortality. He concluded that the longer the mother smokes during pregnancy,
the greater the effect on the infant’s birth weight..
According to Zaridze
(1986), tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver
and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer
(particularly lung cancer, cancers of the
larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer).
It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension.
The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much
the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes
higher in tar increases the risk of these
diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke,
has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Tobacco
use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and it
contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as premature birth, low birth weight, and
increases the chance of sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS).
Johanna, (2005) averts that “If
people don’t know about the cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, and perinatal
diseases effects of tobacco use smoke exposure, they cannot understand how much
or how quickly smokers are endangering not only their own lives, but those of
family members, friends, co-workers or other non-smokers who breathe tobacco
smoke. In countries like India or China, so many people are at high risk for
heart attack or stroke, and it strikes at a relatively early age: risks of
several diseases are far more present and immediate than most of the
better-known fatal effects of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.
Knowing about cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory and perinatal risks of
tobacco will help smokers take quitting seriously, and encourage people to
demand and comply with policies that protect everyone from the harms of
tobacco. The World Heart Federation calls on governments around the world to a
make these policies an immediate priority, as they committed to do last year
through the Political Declaration of the United Nations’ High-level Meeting on
the Prevention and Control smoke related Diseases.”
as a result
of the above problems the researcher want to know weather the Civil Servants in
Abakaliki metropolis have the Knowledge of some diseases caused by tobacco use.
Statement
of the Problem
It is generally accepted that people
do not know much about the risk of tobacco use and its effects on their health.
They cannot understand how much or how quickly smokers are endangering not only
their own lives, but those of family members, friends, co-workers or other
non-smokers who breathe tobacco smoke. With no knowledge of diseases caused by tobacco
use, so many people are at high risk of cancer, cardiovascular, perinatal and
respiratory diseases, and it strikes at a relatively early age; risks of these
diseases are far more present and immediate than most of the better-known fatal
effects of tobacco. Therefore, this study focused on knowledge of selected
diseases caused by tobacco use among civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
1.2 Purpose of the Study
The
general purpose of this study is to ascertain the knowledge of selected
diseases caused by tobacco use among civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
The specific purposes are;
1. To
determine the knowledge of cancer diseases caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
2. To
determine the knowledge of cardiovascular diseases caused by tobacco use among
civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
3. To
determine the knowledge of perinatal diseases caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
4. To
determine the knowledge of respiratory diseases caused by tobacco use among
civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
1.4 Significance of Study
This
research study is undertaken because of the ignorance in the use of tobacco.
The study sought to find out the knowledge civil servants in Abakaliki Metropolis
have on cardiovascular, perinatal, cancer and respiratory diseases caused by
tobacco use. Therefore, the study will be beneficial to civil servants in Abakaliki
metropolis, smokers, health policy makers, and health care givers and to the
student who wishes to use it for further studies.
Civil
servant will benefit from the study because it will provide information for
them to read and understand the effects of tobacco use on their health. The study
will also enlighten smokers on the risks of tobacco use and thereby motivating
them to reduce or quit smoking. Health policy makers will benefit from the
study because they will always rely on the findings of the study in making
policies that will curb the excessive use of tobacco in the state.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This
study will be delimited to civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis and their use
of tobacco. Specifically, it will delimited to the following:
1. Use
of questionnaire as instrument for data collection.
2. Use
of frequencies and percentage for treatment of descriptive data and chi-square
for testing the hypotheses at an alpha level of 0.5.
3. Use
of statistical package for social science (SPSS) for computing and inferential
statistical analysis of all data collected.
4. The
variables of knowledge of cancer, cardiovascular, perinatal and respiratory
disorders as being caused by tobacco use.
1.6 Research Questions
Answers
were sought to the following research questions:
1. What
is the knowledge of cancer diseases caused by tobacco use among civil servants
in Abakaliki metropolis?
2. What
is the knowledge of cardiovascular diseases caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis?
3. What
is the knowledge of perinatal diseases caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis?
4. What
is the knowledge of respiratory diseases caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis?
1.7
Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were specifically tested:
H0: 1. There
is no knowledge of cancer disease caused by tobacco use among civil servants in
Abakaliki metropolis.
H0:
2. There is no knowledge of cardiovascular disease
caused by tobacco use among civil servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
H0: 3. There
is no knowledge of perinatal disease caused by tobacco use among civil servants
in Abakaliki metropolis.
H0: 4. There
is no knowledge of respiratory disease caused by tobacco use among civil
servants in Abakaliki metropolis.
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