ISOLATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM TOOLS USED IN APPLYING MAKEUP BY FEMALE STUDENTS IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is the microbiological study of some selected cosmetics products used by their consumers. A Total Ten (10) samples of  makeup tools were collected from female students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and was transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. A Tenfold serial dilution of each of the samples was prepared using sterile distilled water. 0.1 mL aliquots of the serially-diluted samples (10-2and 10-3) were spread-plated on the surface of the medium and incubated at 370C for 24hours. The colonies that developed were counted, subcultured and stored on sterile nutrient agar slants for characterization and identification. The same procedure was used in the isolation of the fungi except that Saboraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used as the growth medium and the plates incubated at 370C. After microbial analysis, Six different bacterial isolates from makeup tools were identified by morphological characteristics the major bacterial isolates to belong to Bacillus specie, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Micrococcus sp respectively while Three  fungal isolates from  makeup tools  which were identified by their morphological characteristics and  revealed the fungal isolates to belong to Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhodotorula sp. The total viable count ranged from 1.8 x 103 to 9.8 x 103 while the Total Fungal count ranged from 1.3 x 103 to 8.1 x 103. respectively. The percentage occurrence of bacterial isolates from different makeup products Staphylococcus aureus (28%) was predominant among the samples used in this study followed by E. coli (20%), Micrococcus sp (20%), Bacillus sp (16%), Proteus (12%) while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%) was least predominant while the percentage occurrence of fungal isolates from different makeup products. Aspergillus 46%, was predominant followed by Aspergillus flavus (30.8%) while Rhodotula sp (23%) was least predominant. It is necessary to comply with GMP standards strictly during the production. Preservatives should be added to products as determined by regulation and in accordance with toxic dose limits, for consumer’s health.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of Contents v

Lists of Tables vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction 1

1.1 Aim and Objectives 3

1.2 Objectives 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 4

2.1 Normal Skin Flora 4

2.1.1 Makeup Tools 7

2.1.2 Types of Makeup Tools 7

2.2 Contamination of Make up Tools 11

2.3 Makeup Tools Preservatives 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Materials and Methods 21

3.1    Sample Collection 21

3.2 Media Used 21

3.3 Sterilization 21

3.4 Isolation of Microorganisms 21

3.5 Characterization and Identification of the Bacterial Isolates 22

3.5.1 Gram Staining 22

3.5.2 Spore Staining Technique 22

3.5.3 Motility Test 23

3.6 Biochemical Test 23

3.6.1 Catalase Test 23

3.6.2 Coagulase Test 23

3.6.3 Citrate Test. 24

3.6.4 Oxidase Test 24

3.6.5 Indole Test 24

3.6.6 Sugar Fermentation Test 25

3.6.7 Identification Of Fungi 25

3.6.8 Slide Culture Test 25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 32

5.1   Discussion 32

5.2 Conclusion 36

5.3 Recommendation 36

References 37

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Total viable count of microorganisms from makeup tools 27

Table 2: Identification and characterization of isolates from

different makeup tools 28

Table 3: Morphological identification and characterization of fungal

isolates from different makeup tools 29

Table 4: Percentage occurrence of microbial isolates from different makeup tools 30

Table 5: Percentage occurrence of fungal from different makeup tools 31

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The makeup industry has achieved stupendous growth within a short span of time and is now a multi-billion dollar industry. It would continue to grow as long as people are ready to spend a fortune to look their best. Makeup defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an act of beautifying, cleansing, promoting, and attractiveness or altering appearance(Naz et al., 2012).Makeup can do wonders for women, but it can be dangerous to their health, if not handled properly (Gattuso, 2011). Makeup contamination leads to several types of infections that range in severity from mild to serious, the ability of organisms to grow and reproduce in makeup tools has been known for many years and makeup can easily by contaminated by the repetitive use to the skin using an applicator, or finger and also by poor handling procedures during manufacturing that can cause defect in the preservative capacities (Dashen et al., 2011).

Small sponges made of cellulose or nylon are commonly used in daily hygiene as exfoliative beauty aids and in removing makeup, after use , these sponges are generally cleansed under running water and reutilized, these natural and synthetic sponges are reported mostly caused by gram negative and positive bacterial (Corazza et al., 2013). Contamination of makeup tools by microorganism in makeup tools may cause spoilage and when pathogenic, they represent a serious health risk for consumers, contamination of makeup by microorganism such as Clostridium tetani, Staphylococcus aureus, moulds and yeasts etc. may cause serious disease of the eye , skin and mucous membrane which are difficult to cure in several cases (Dashen et al., 2011).

Black-antimony has been reported to contain up to 81% lead and is mostly harvested from the Abakaliki lead and Zinc mine in the Eastern part of Nigeria. The mineral antimony (Sb) with atomic weight 121.75 is very white and more shining than silver (Biringuccio, 1990). In combination with sulfur in stibnite (Sbs), it is 2 3found within layers of rock where it is excavated. This natural material is usually ground into fine crystalline powder and poured into a metallic cone shaped container from where with the aid of thin stick is used to draw a straight line on the eyes. The local application to the eye is believed to serve as treatment of ophthalmologic infections and as an eye cleanser (Chukwuma, 2015). However, local eye liners have been reported as a suspected source of lead exposure to the occular system in adults and children (Gibbs, 2007).Calabash chalk also known as Calabar stone is composed of Aluminum silicate hydroxide from kaolin clay group with the basic formula -Al Si O (OH) (Dean et al., 2004, Ekosse and Jumbam, 2010). The natural cosmetic is made up of fossilized seashells, mixed with clay mud and other ingredients such as sand, wood ash and sometimes salt. It is usually sold in blocks, pellets and powder forms (Dean et al., 2004). The calabash chalk is ground into a fine powder and applied to the face as facial powder and antiperspirant which makes the face to remain dry. Evidence that some cosmetics contain varying chemical components including heavy metals and the report that local eye liners are a suspected source of lead exposure to the ocular system in adults and children (Gibbs, 2007) warranted the evaluation of the selected natural cosmetic for heavy metal contents. On the other hand, some naturally occurring facial cosmetic are believed to treat eye diseases (Al-Hawi, 1986) hence the samples were assessed for their antibacterial activities.

Most women share makeup and applicators with their friends and family, increasing their chances of facial infection (Ekosse and Jumbam, 2010). Many skin diseases are not completely caused by a single pathogen (Ekosse and Jumbam, 2010).

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the microbial contamination of makeup tools used by female students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

The objectives are:

1. To isolate microorganisms from tools used in applying makeup by female students Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

2. To identify and characterize microorganisms from tools used in applying makeup by female students Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.