ABSTRACT
Drainage is an essential component of road construction. In most
designs of the road, the first thing to be put in place is drainage system. The
presence of blockage in drainage system tends to reduce the carriage capacity
of drainage and thereby affect life span of the road. The research employed a
research survey in order to obtain the information that would describe the
causes of blocked drainage, canal and culvert in Ilorin-west local government
road and its effect on the surrounding environment and the road users. Data
collection techniques used includes questionnaires, photographs and
observation.
The results show that Ilorin-west local government road drainage
system was not adequate to satisfactorily drain the runoffs due to the blockage
caused by debris, illegal dumping of refuse, Non-channelization e.t.c. As a
result, the surrounding environment was greatly affected by washing away some
sections of the road and bridges, creation of gullies on land, washing away of
the fertility of the land.
The drainage facilities could be improved by frequent
inspections, maintenance of gabions built for
remedying of gullies and construction of water conservation structures e.g.
water pans to hold and reduce the speed of water. Some drainage, canal and
culvert system on Ilorin-west local government road should be redesign.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
Appendix (List of plates) xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Introduction 1
1.2
Statement of the problem 3
1.3 Aim and objectives 4
1.4 Justification 4
1.5 scope of the study 5
1.6 Description of the project area 6
1.7 Research methodology 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Blockage Issues 10
2.3 Types of Debris 12
2.3.1 Overview 12
2.3.2 Floating Debris 14
2.3.3 Non-Floating Debris 15
2.3.4 Urban Debris 16
2.4 Types of Structures and Drainage Systems 17
2.5 Causes of Blockage 18
2.5.1 Overview 18
2.5.2 Modes of blockage 19
2.6 Impacts of Blockage 20
2.6.1 Overview 20
2.6.2 Hydraulic Impacts 21
2.6.3 Economic Impacts 22
2.6.4 Social Impacts 22
2.6.5 Environmental Impacts 23
2.7 Effect of Blockage 23
2.7.1 Overview 23
2.7.2 Consequences of blockages on flooding 25
2.8 Control Measure 26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Research Design 27
3.2.1 Population 30
3.3 Data Collection Procedures 30
3.3.1 Data collection instructions 30
3.3.2 Primary data 31
3.3.3 Secondary data 33
3.4 Data Analysis and Presentation Techniques 33
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis of
Result 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Results from Questionnaire 35
4.2.1 Results from Questionnaire Type One 36
4.2.2 Results from Questionnaire Type Two 36
4.3 Possible Causes of the Blockage 42
4.4 Results on Control of Blocked Drainage,
Canal and
Study Area 44
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusions and Recommendation
46
5.1 Conclusion 46
5.2 Recommendation 47
Reference 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title Page
4.1 Response rate in rate in Agbo-Oba, Oja-Tuntun and
Sawmill 35
4.2 Number of years spent by the respondent rate in
Agbo-Oba,
Oja-Tuntun and Sawmill 39
4.3 Possible causes of the blockage in
Agbo-Oba, Oja-Tuntun
and
Sawmill 42
4.4 Control of blocked drainage, canal and
culvert 44
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title Page
4.1 Consideration for hydraulic design 36
4.2 Years spent by the respondent 40
4.3 Frequency of road usage by road users 41
4.4 The possible cause of the blockage 43
4.5 Control measure in
Agbo-Oba, Oja-Tuntun and Sawmill 45
APPENDIXES (LIST
OF PLATES)
Plate Title Page
1.0 Drainage blockage along
Agbo-Oba road 54
2.0 Drainage blockage along
Sawmill road 56
3.0 Drainage blockage along
Oja-Tuntun, kuntu area 57
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is the most populous country in
Africa. At the census of November 1991, Nigeria had 88, 514,501 with an
inhabitants and a population density of 95.8 per 59 km.
The
average annual growth rate between 1963 and 1991 is 1.7% (Baiye E; 1991).
According to 2006 census figure, Nigeria had a population of 140 million people.
The major hazard experienced in Nigeria includes flooding, erosion, deforestation,
land degradation and climatic drought.
Flooding in Kwara state has been due
to natural or artificial occurrences of blocked drainage, canal and culvert due
to solid waste, wash away of the top soil, debris like trees, and leaves present
in the water channel. Flooding has been experienced in different part of the
state especially in Ilorin west local government area of the state, which has
claimed life, damaged properties of the people that reside in the geographical
area and as well as damaged the road pavement to greater extent.
Drainage is the process of removal
of surface or subsurface face by water from a given area by natural or
artificial means. (Adeyemi, 2005). The term is commonly applied to the removal
of excess water by canals, drains, ditches, culverts and other structure
designed to collect and transport water earlier by gravity or by pumping. A
drainage project may involve large scale reclamation and protection of marshes,
underwater lands or lands subject to frequent flooding (Microsoft- Encarta
2009).
Canal is an artificial waterway for
navigation and irrigation, etc. it is a long narrow arm of the water
penetrating an inland. Canals are man-made channel for water conveyance
(Supply), or to services water transport vehicles. A true canal is a channel
that cuts across drainage, making a navigable channel connecting two different
drainage basins. Most commercially important canal of the first half of the 19th
century were a little of each using rivers in long stretches and divide
crossing canal in others. This is true for many canals still in use (Donald
Lang mead, 2013).
A culvert is a conduit used as an
artificial channel under a road way or embankment to maintain flow from natural
channel or drainage ditch (Oshunkey, F.E (1992). A properly design culvert will
carry the flow without causing damaging, backwater, excessive construction or
excessive outlet velocities. Culverts usually have span less than 6m per cell (\www.
Acclimated.com), (Albert transportation (2004)).
Blocked drainage, canal and culvert are caused
as a result of high population of people living in a geographical area without
the proper management of waste disposal, falling trees. Virtually every
Nigerian is vulnerable to flooding either by natural or artificial.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Ilorin-west local government area has been
experiencing severe blocked drainage, canals and culvert over the years, which
has makes life very hard for the residential in the area and result to loss of
life and property.
It has rendered some people homeless
and jobless; it is dangerous for the possibilities of infliction by diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, fever, malaria etc. as a result of enhancing stagnant
water. It also forces many occupants to relocate due to air pollution and
others factor causes by blocked drainages, canal and culverts.
1.3 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project work is to investigate
into the causes of blocked drainage, canal and culvert in Ilorin-west local
government area of Kwara state in Nigeria.
THE OBJECTIVES:-
1. To look into the factor that causes blocked
drainage canal and culvert.
2. To find out the hazards which blocked drainage
canal and culvert causes to human environment.
3. To find out the various control measures
needed to bring blocked drainage under control.
4. To suggest a proper drainage, canal and
culvert management.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The construction of drainage, canal and culvert
in the country is given much of structural or engineering consideration with
little or no environmental impact assessment of the operations after the design
and construction. The environmental problem results from operation which are
usually devastating.
Hence, this study significantly
addresses the following issues.
·
Identify the
environmental hazards associated with the drainage, canal and culvert.
·
Evaluate the
magnitude or significance of the hazard and effect.
·
Identify changes
in downstream hydrology.
·
Identify changes
in downstream morphology caused by altering the flow pattern.
·
Examine control
techniques to eliminates or lesson the severity of the effect and to manage the
hazards.
·
Develops plan and
procedures to manage the environmental changes due to the operation of the
drainage, canal and culvert.
1.5 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
This project focus on the investigation into
the causes of blocked drainage, canal and culvert; its effect and the possible
control measure within Ilorin-west local government area in Ilorin.
The investigation covered the basic
hazard which may be caused by blocked drainage, canal and culvert to the human
environment and to look into the causes in the place it happens within
Ilorin-west local government. Investigating the various control measure needed
to bring blocked drainage, canal and culvert under control.
1.6 DESCRIPTION
OF THE PROJECT AREA
Ilorin west is one of the sixteen (16) local
government in Kwara state and also one of the five (5) local government that
made up Kwara central popularly known as (Emirate) with its headquarters located/
situated in Wara Osin in Ilorin metropolis, this capital of Kwara state. A case
study of Agbo-oba, oja-tuntun and Sawmill was assigned.
1.7 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
The
methodology employed are:- preliminary data source, which may include:-
A. RECONNAISSANCE
SURVEYS
This is the feasibility study of the area to
determine the Feeder Rivers, geology of the area and level of deterioration of
building causes by flood as a result of blocked drainage, canal and culvert and
also investigation into the cause of the blockage and also know the control
measure to be used or adopted.
B. ORAL
INTERVIEW
Oral interview was conducted to hear the view
of the residents on the causes of blocked drainage, canal and culvert and to
determine the control measure of the blocked drainage, canal and culvert in
other to suggest the best control measures.
C. ADMINISTRATION
OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaires
was distributed for analysis
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