INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS ON PLASMA LACTATE LEVELS AND LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) ACTIVITY IN MALE WISTAR RATS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0             INTRODUCTION

1.1       AIM OF THE STUDIES

CHAPTER TWO

 2.1       LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1.2   STRUCTURE, USES AND STORAGE

2.1.3    NUTRITIONAL CONTENT, PEST AND PATHOGENS

2.1.4    GROWING CONDITIONS/METHODS AND PRACTICAL INFORMATIOS

2.1.5    ANTIPLASMODIAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF TELFAIRA

OCCIDENTALIS

2.1.6    INHERENT ANTINUTRIONAL FACTORS AND DETOXIFICATION

2.2       LACTATE REVIEW

2.2.1    INTRODUCTION

2.2.2     BIOCHEMISTRY

2.2.3        LACTIC METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS

2.2.4      HYPERLACTAETEMIA

2.2.5   CLIN1CAL USE OF PLASMA LACTATE CONCENTRATION

2.2.6         TREATMENT OF HYPERLACTATEMIA

2.3       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3.1    LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE PATHWAY

2.3.2              LDH ISOENZYMES

2.3.3    ELEVATED LDH LEVELS

2.3.4    CLINICAL REVIEW OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

2.3.5.   REACTION MECHANISM OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

2.3.6    CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

2.3.7    FATE OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1.      MATERIALS

3.2.      METHODS

3.2.1    EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

3.2.2    PREPARATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF T. OCCIDENTALIS LEAVES

AND STOCK SOLUTION

3.2.3    EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

3.2.4    ANIMAL SACRIFICE AND BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTION.

3.3       ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY

3.3.1    PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST FOR SERUM LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS

4.1    EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS ON

PLASMA LACTATE CONCENTRATION.

4.2     EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS ON PLASMA

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

In Africa, indigenous vegetables remain popular in rural areas where they are often consider to be more nutritive than exotic vegetables Telfiaria occidentalis commonly called fluted pumpkin, fluted gourd is tropical vine grown in west Africa as a leaf vegetable and for its edible seeds and is highly reputed in traditional medicine (Badifi et al., 1995). The common names for the plant include fluted gourd, fluted pumpkin and ugwu Telfairia occidentalis is a member of the curcubitaceae family and is indigenous to Southern Nigeria (Akorada, 1990). There is paucity of info on the phytochemical constituents of the leaf of 70, however it has been reported that the leaf contain tannins, flavoroids, alakaloid, saponins, steroid, anthraquinines (Eseyinet al., 2000; Oboli ,2006). The presence of long chain n-3-unsaturated fatty acid from the leaf has also been reported. Palmitolece acid is the predominant omega 9 fatty acid present in leaf (Tnuwaet al., 2006). The carbohydrate content of the leaf is 25% (Oyenuga, 1968; Akwaowoetal., 2000). The amino acid profile of Telfairaoccidentalus had also been showbn to be very rich and includes alanine, aspartate, leucine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, lysine, methionine, trypthophan, arginine, cysine, serine, threonine, phenylanalnine, isoleucine, valine and tyrosine (Trindall, 1968; Fasuyi, 2006).

Medicinal and nutritional values of Telfairaoccidentalis have also been reported. Considered an “oil seed” the fluted gourd is high in oil (30%). Shoots of Telafairaccidentalis contain high level of potassium and iron, while seeds are composed of 27% crude proteins and 53% fats (Aiyelaagbe&Kintomo, 2002). Its anxioloytic and sedatives properties (Akindele & Ajao, 2012).blood coagulation (Nubila et al., 2013), immunomodulatory (Egbaet al., 2013a; Egbaet al., 2013b). phytoextraction (Iyagba&Offor, 2013).testiculoprotective (Saaluet al., 2010, Akabnget al.,2012). ameliorayion of radiation-induced testicular injury (Adejuwon et al., 2014), cancer chemopreventive (Iweala, 2009), anti-oxidant and anti-microbal properties (Oboh et al., 2006; Iweala&Obidoa, 2009; Kayode et al., 2010), anti-anemic (Alada, 2000; Oboh, 2004; Dina et al., 2006) anti convulsant (Gbile, 1986).Anti-inflammatory (Oluwoleet al., 2003), purgative (Dina et al., 2001). Have also been reported. Most of the reports of the pharmacological activities of the plant are on the aqeouse, methanolic andethanolic extracts. Its blood glucose-lowering effects were reported in rats (Eseyin et al., 2000; Emudianughe and Aderibigbe, 2002; Nwozo, 2004; Salman et al., 2008; Eseyin et al., 2010; Salman et al., 2013; Eseyin et al., 2014) and mice (Aderibigbe et al., 1999).

1.1       AIM OF THE STUDIES

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of methanolic extract of Telfairia occidentalis on plasma lactate levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in male Wistar rats.

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