TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
1.6
LIMITATION OF STUDY
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2
CATEGORIES
OF SWITCHES
2.2.1 MECHANICAL SWITCHES (HAND SWITCHES):
2.2.2 LIMIT SWITCHES
2.2.3. PROCESS SWITCH
2.2.4
ELECTRONICS
SWITCHES/LOGIC SWITCHES
2.3 COMPUTERS AS A SWITCH
2.4 SERIAL PORTS
2.4.1
TYPICAL LOCATIONS FOR SERIAL PORTS
2.4.2 I/0 INTERFACES FROM
SERIAL AND PARALLEL TO IEEE 1394 AND USB
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
ANALYSIS
OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
3.2.1
ADVANTAGES OF THE
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.3.2
DISADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
3.3
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.3.1
ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.4 CONNECTING THE PORT TO EXTERNAL DEVICE
INTERFACE
3.4.1
CONNECTING MAX 232 TO THE SERIAL PART
3.4.2 DC VOLTAGE CHANGE WITH CABLE CONNECTED
3.4.3
AC AND DC VOLTAGE WITH DATA FLOW
3.5
SWITCHING STAGE
3.5.1
RELAY STAGE
3.5.1.1 RELAYS
3.5.1.2
CHOOSING A RELAY
PROTECTION DIODES FOR RELAYS:
3.5.1.3
REED RELAYS:
RELAYS AND TRANSISTORS COMPARED:
3.5.5
ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS
3.5.7 DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS
3.6
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.7 THE
DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS
THE PIN-OUT OF
THE 8051 MICRO-CONTROLLERS
3.7.1
ELEMENT
OF THE 8051
3.7.2
POWER
SUPPLY
3.7.3
TRANSFORMER
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.2
OVER VIEW
OF DESIGN
4.2
MAIN MENU
4.2.1 PROGRAM
MODULES SPECIFICATION
4.2.2
INPUT/OUTPUT SPECIFICATION
4.2.3
FLOWCHART OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.3
CHOICE AND JUSTIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
4.4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
4.5
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
4.6 MAINTENANCE DETAILS
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Traditionally, high
control in home and office environments takes place through switches (on/off),
deals and sliders (dimmers) and sometimes motion sensors. These controls can be
incorporated in the built environment such as walls, or attached to lights that
people place themselves (desk lamps, bed side lights). This often leads to a
jumble of controls each with their own location, interaction style, and focus.
This project is a
demonstration of how a PC can be used as a control signal generation subsystem
capable of generating programmable control signals for power equipment. Early
studies reveal that using PC for power management was often fou7nd to be up to
25% more than energy star compliant methods. However, recent assessments have
found higher rates, and was estimated that for power management.
Switching control is a
good replacement for conventional pneumatic or Electro chemical high voltage AC
control. This equipment is capable of not only control but energy management
and system diagnostic functions. The PC control in inherentlyhas more accurate
control because it reduces maintenance and recalibration problems common with
pneumatic and mechanical systems.
It offers other unique
advantages like subsystem coordination, optimum start, diversity analysis and
retrofit identification.
This design begins with
the fact that a computer is needed to light bulbs of high AC rating. This
immediately suggests that an interface of the PC is needed to handle the
mismatch in voltage and currents between the PC and bulbs.
Secondly the control data
from the PC program are logic levels in serial format and at high frequency.
This again means that the interface should understand the protocol of
communication and convert it to the necessary parallel control singed. Due to
lack of resources, the project will not be real but simulated. This system will
represent for more than just manual on/off control. The system comprises of two
major components, output device, and input device. Output devices work behind
the scenes to control the lights by switching them off or on. Input device are
the switcher i.e. the button or sensors.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
- No prior information whether a bulb is dead or
not
- There is always a problem of one or two poles
using one switch. That is each pole with a switch which could amount to lots of
expenses. Each pole with their own switch and location.
- It consumes ones time in the sense that one
will more from one pole to another. Just to put one or off the light.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
This professional
documentation focuses on using a serial interface hardware built on
microcontroller and max 232 serial converters. The ensure that the high
negative -15 volts and + 15 volts of the serial RS232 comport is converted and
programmed to suit the CPC logic levels. The system is responsible for
controlling, energy management and
system diagnostic functions. Tracking of all lighting activities, especially
bulbs. In a place where prepaid meter is in use, it could help reduce the cost.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This system is important
considering the fat that only a push of a button can switch off or on the light
connected within the system. With this system, one can easily be on his/her bed
and switch off or on the lights.
The system is safe
therefore children can also switch off or on the light when their parents or
guardians are not close. The system is very necessary in the sense that it
gives you what you want at any needed time. The system also keep track of all
activities (bulb).
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research will focus
on creating a computerized system that will switch on or off light on the
street and equally control the power aspect.
The research will also
focus on light bit microcontroller issues discreet digital electronics in
appliance control. Intel controllers that can complete application are
typically relegated to switches and times are also discussed. It will be a
system that maximizes user efficiency and user convenience.
1.6
LIMITATION OF STUDY
One of the major setbacks
of this work is finance. Due to lack of finance, one could not bring the system
to life. Inadequate electricity also contributed to the setback of this work.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Electrochemical: describe a mechanical device that is powered
or controlled by electricity. Relating machines powered by electricity.
Pneumatic:
the branch of physics with the mechanical
properties of air and other
gases.
Retrofit Identification: To modify something such as a machine or a
building by adding newly developed parts or devices that were not
available where the machine or building was made.
Diversy analysis: A variety of something such as opinion, colour, or style.
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