COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF TOOTHPASTES ON STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS.

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial agents have been as chemotherapeutic agents to improve oral health. This in-vitro study was carried out to determine antimicrobial efficacy of different toothpastes against the oral pathogen (Streptococcus mutans). A total of four toothpastes(Sensodyne,Colgate,Close-up,Dabur-herbal) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. This was carried out by agar diffusion test and quantitative tube dilution test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS windows version 15 by applying the mean values using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc least square differences (LSD) method (α = 0.05). The best toothpaste observed in this study was Sensodyne which had the highest zone of inhibition (18.33±2.52) during agar well diffusion test and was able to inhibit the test organism at the least concentration during quantitative tube dilution test. Results from the study showed that trichosan containing toothpaste formulations were more effective in controlling Streptococcus mutans compared to non-trichosan containing synthetic toothpaste.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Dedication                                                                                                                               ii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  iii

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   iv

List of Tables                                                                                                                          v

Abstract                                                                                                                                  viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Aims and objectives                                                                                                   5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                        6

2.1       Toothpaste                                                                                                                  6

2.2       Dental caries                                                                                                               22

2.3       Mode of Streptococcus mutans transmission                                                             22

2.4       Colonization of Streptococcus mutans                                                                       23

CHAPTER THREE

3.1       Toothpaste sources                                                                                                     25

3.2       Collection of sample                                                                                                   25

3.3       Sterility of materials                                                                                                   25

3.4       Preparation of culture media                                                                                      25

3.4.1    Preparation of the inoculums size                                                                              26

3.5       Identification and characterization of bacteria isolate                                                26

3.6       Gram staining                                                                                                             26

3.7       Biochemical test                                                                                                         26

3.7.1    Catalase                                                                                                                      27

3.7.2    Coagulase                                                                                                                   27

3.8       Antimicrobial activity of formulated toothpaste                                                        27

3.9       Preparation of dentifrice                                                                                             27

CHAPTER FOUR

 4.0      Results                                                                                                                        28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  31

5.2       Recommendation                                                                                                       31

References

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES                    TITLE                                                            PAGES

1                      Minimum inhibition concentration of different toothpastes

used in the study against Streptococcus mutans         29

2                      Antimicrobial activity of different toothpastes used in the

 study against Streptococcus mutans                          30

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Bacteria form an important group of microorganism found in both healthy and diseased mouth (Robert, 2005). There have been more than 300types of bacteria found in the mouth (Robert, 2005). Commercial bacterial are regarded as beneficial against the colonization of invading pathogen. One might think thus suggests that the oral cavity is a relatively easy environment for bacterial to colonize. However, relatively few of the oral pathogen is found further along the gastrointestinal tract (Robert, 2005). Moreover, a bacterial accumulation on oral surfaces is a major factor in the development of most common dental disease such as dental caries and periodontal diseases (Williams and Cummins, 2003). Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium in the mouth, is the chief bacterium that causes plague and may also cause dental caries, (Bergquist, R .2009).The accumulation and development of plaque depends upon the outcome of the interactions between the adhesives of plaque to the tooth surface and physical shear forces which serves to dislodge  and remove the plaque (Roberts, 2005). Toothpastes and brushes are among the physical forces that removes plaques. Fluoride containing toothpastes have significant effect on the initiation and progression of caries (Bergquist, R.2009). Within these fluorides containing toothpastes is a cationic agent called chlorhexidine has been documented for its ability to inhibit the formation of dental plaque. However, the use of chnlorhexidine has a few drawbacks. The first drawback is the staining of teeth and tongue (Williams and Cummins, 2003). These stains can be removed by having teeth professionally cleaned .Another drawback is their unpleasant taste. When eating or drinking something after the use of chlorhexidine, one can experience a change in taste perception .An example of this is brushing one’s teeth and drinking orange juice. Many have done this and have experienced on or after taste. Triclosan, a compound commonly used for disinfection is another broad-spectrum antibacterial agents manufactured specially for use in oral care (Williams and Cumins,2003). It has been shown in vitro to be active against many of the organisms associated with plaque , gingivitis, and bad breath .Triclosan acts by disrupting the bacterial cytoplasmal membrane, resulting in the leakage of cellular contents and death of the bacteria. It is used in most oral care ingredients and has a long history of use in consumer products

     Fluoride in drinking water and toothpastes don’t appear to have demonstrated effects on dental plaque in which, fluid and pH change reduces lactate production following consumption of sugar(Bergquist,R.2009) the exact mechanism underlying this inhibition is not known but fluoride has shown to inhibit a variety of bacterial processes that are mediated by enzyme binding . On occasion, many people experience stale or unpleasant breath upon walking in the morning .However, some people, about 25% of the population, experience halitosis, or bad breath, on a regular basis. These people can be sensitive about it and may have social situation .Halitosis tends to be more frequent with age and is evenly distributed between men and women (The problem results from anaerobic breakdown of proteins from food and salivary debris by gram-negative bacteria, which generate amino acids such as cysteine and methionine ).Many different Products are currently marketed that promised to provide consumers with fresh breath .It is estimated that more than one billion dollars are annually worldwide on lozenges, chewing gum, mouth rinse, toothpaste and dentrifices in an effort to resolve this condition .The active agents that are incorporated into treatment forms include surfactants, antimicrobial agents, baking soda, perioxide;metal sacks herbal and natural extracts and chlorine). (Williams and Cummins,2003).  Nigeria basically employ two methods to remove debris (plaque) from the mouth which are either by the use of toothbrushes and paste or by use of parts of various plants native to west Africa referred to as ‘’chewing sticks’’(Bankole et al. 2012). Contaminated toothbrush can also be sources of oral bacterial growth. Toothbrushes which are used regularly become contaminated with microorganism that colonizes the teeth and oral cavity. Under the usual condition of storage, a toothbrush can therefore serve as a vector for the re- introduction of potential pathogen into the oral cavity, and also for the introduction of other microbial species originating from the bathroom environment (Ojo et al.,2007).Toothpastes have been proven to protect teeth against attack from bacterial (Vohra et al.,2012).It has been reported that toothbrushes can be a source of repeated oral infection (Li et al.,2000). Significant bacteria on toothbrushes have been reported after toothbrushing especially in patients with severe periodontis(Rogers et al.,2008). This is caused by simply leaving ones tooth brushe kept in a moist environment, like that of a bathroom, retain up to 50% of herpes simplex virus type 1 after one week (steinberg et al.,2003). An in vitro study involving, 59 patientys who had oral inflammatory diseases found that 34% required no additional therapy after the tooth brush has been contaminated. Some studies suggest that the general population replace toothbrushes every month or after any illness (Wolfgan, W.2005).The use of disposable tooth brushes is also a good option to reduce oral 1bacteria flora. Another idea to prevent the contamination of brushes is to coat the brush with chlorhexidine after each use (Hooda et al., 2010). One study found that soaking tooth brushes for 20 min in a mouth rinse containing essential oils killed 100% of the bacterial percent (Degiam, D.2010). However, most of the bacterial are harmful and cause plaque and bad breath (Bankole et al.,2012). There are toothpastes and other remedies that help to kill and prevent bacterial in people’s mouth. Calcium carbonate and silicic acid ensure thorough removal of plaque. Regular brushing of the tooth removes bacterial plaque, which is mainly responsible for caries, perodontosis and tartar. With sea salt and minerals, in addition to extract of amina, myrrh, and yarrow, toothpastes ensure a healthy bacterial flora in the mouth. The PH value (7.0) of toothpastes neutralizes acids which damage the tooth and may attack dental enamel. Micro organisms enter the mouth with food, water and air. The presence of mucosa folds. Interdental space, gums and other places where food, designated epithelium, and saliva are easily trapped creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of most micro-organism (Fisherman,S.L.2000).

1.1       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. To isolate, identify and characterize Streptococcus mutans from mouth oral cavity

2. To compare the effect of four brands of toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans.

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