ABSTRACT
The study compared dietary diversity scores of household in Umuahia North and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The specific objectives were to determine the socio-economic and demographic characteristic of the households, to ascertain the dietary diversity scores of the selected household, to determine the nutritional status of the home makers from the selected households, to compare dietary diversity scores of households in Umuahia North and Ikwuano and to relate the dietary diversity score with socio economic and nutritional status of the selected home makers.Systematic random sample was used to select each households used in all enumerated areas in Umuahia North and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The study adopted cross sectional survey design. The study population consisted of men and women in Umuahia North and IkwuanoLocal Government of AbiaState and those targeted were men and women of reproductive age (15- 65years).Data was coded and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for the analysis. The findings of the study revealed thatmajority respondents had high dietary diversity score (70.2%) and few of the respondents (2.1% and 27.7%) had low and medium dietary diversity score. More than half (52.1%) respondents were normal, 20.7% were obese, 18.6% were overweight and 8.7% were underweight. There was a negative and insignificant relationship between dietary diversity score and educational status 0.054(0.398), there was a positive and significant relationship between dietary diversity score and income status 0.129(0.045), there was a positive and insignificant relationship between dietary diversity score and body mass index 0.047(0.470), there was a positive and significant relationship between educational status and Income Status 0.164(0.011) , there was a positive and insignificant relationship between educational status and body mass index 0.030(0.637) and there was a positive and significant relationship between income status and body mass index 0.124(0.054) . It was recommended that government should organize program to ensure that people have knowledge about adequate nutrition and dietary diversification.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLE vii
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study 1
1.1 Statement of problem 2
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Significance of study 5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1Overview of Dietary Diversity Score 6
2.2 Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Household 11
2.2.1 Height and Weight 11
2.2.2 Body Composition 11
2.2.3 Levels of Many Nutrients 12
2.2.4 Hydrostatic Weighing 12
2.2.5 Skinfold Thickness 12
2.2.6 Bioelectric Impedance Analysis 13
2.2.7 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) 13
2.3 Dietary Diversity and Food Security 13
2.4 Emerging Interest in Household Dietary Diversity 15
2.5 Determinants of Household Dietary Diversity 16
2.6 Empirical Review 18
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Design 28
3.2 Area of Study 28
3.3 Population of the Study 29
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Techniques 29
3.4.1 Sample size 29
3.4.2 Sampling procedure 31
3.5 Preliminary Activities 32
3.5.1 Preliminary visits 32
3.5.2 Training of Research Assistants 33
3.5.3 Ethical Approval 33
3.6 Data Collection 33
3.6.1 Questionnaire Administration 33
3.6.2 Anthropometric Measurement 34
3.7 Data Analysis 37
3.8 Statistical Analysis 37
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio- demographic characteristics of households 38
4.2 Dietary Habit / pattern of the Selected Households 42
4.3 Dietary Scores of the Selected Households 45
4.4 Nutritional Status of the Home Makers from the Selected Households 48
4.5 Correlation between Dietary Diversity Score, Socio Economic Status
and Body Mass Index of the Selected Home Makers. 50
CHAPTER 5 55
5.1 Conclusion 55
5.2 Recommendations 55
REFERENCES 57
APPENDICES
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.6.2: WHO cut – offs for BMI Category 35
Table 4.1: Socio Economic and Demographic characteristics
of the household 39
Table 4.2:DietaryHabit/pattern of the Selected Households 43
Table 4.3:Dietary Scores of the Selected Households 47
Table 4.4: Nutritional Status of the Home Makers from
the Selected Households 49
Table 4.5:Correlation between Dietary Diversity Score, Socio Economic Status and Body Mass Index of the Selected Home Makers. 54
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study
Dietary diversity score is the number of different food groups consumed in the 24 hours preceding the recall. Longer reference periods have been reported to result in less accurate information. Food based strategy has been recommended as the fist priority to meet micronutrient need. An essential element of food based approach involves dietary diversification (i.e. consumption of a wide variety of foods across nutritional distinct food groups (Savy, 2005). Access to nutritionally adequate and good quality diet is essential to human health, productivity and work output (Savy, 2005). Dietary diversity became a global concern in improving health conditions through the habit of food group consumption by adding health dimension to the issue of food calorie consumption.
The increase in the variety of foods across and within food groups has the potential in ensuring adequate intake of essential nutrients to promote good health (Savy, 2005). Diet, which is sufficiently diverse, could reflect nutrient adequacy as well as preventing the cases of food insecurity (Kennedy et al., 2009).
Dietary diversity consisting among others of food groups classified as sources of energy (cereals, tubers, roots), protein providers (pulses, solid food of animal origin), mineral suppliers (pulses, other legumes, vegetables, solid food of animal origin, milk), and vitamin sources (vegetables, green vegetables, fruits, solid food of animal origin). The base for the classification of these foodstuffs in different groups lies on the variability of nutrient density. Some foodstuffs are relatively rich in energy, others in protein, minerals, or vitamins. The classification of foodstuffs on these bases facilitates the search for substitutes of similar nutrient suppliers. But, this does not presuppose any 1 to 1 substitution in the same group as implicated in the determination of dietary diversity score when level of food intake is forfeited. Differences in nutrient density within or between food groups hint the regulation of substitution based on the level of intake. If, for example, pulses are supposed to satisfy the average daily iron requirement (15mg/day) the level of intake needs to be adjusted based on the concentration of the nutrient in the concerned foodstuffs (Metu et al., 2016). With the assumption that the bioavailability of iron in the pulses is similar and the supply of Fe in the other components of the diet is negligible, a type of pulse that contains 8mg Fe /100g have to be supplied at the rate of 200g/day, whereas 100g of that which contains 15mg Fe/100g can satisfy the requirement (Metu et al., 2016).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Dietary diversity score is a valid indicator to evaluate micronutrient inadequacy in Nigerian and widely accepted recommendation to promote a healthy, nutritionally adequate diet for health living and to reduce the risk of major chronic diseases. However, recent evidence from observational studies suggests that greater dietary diversity is associated with suboptimal eating patterns, that is, higher intakes of processed foods, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages and lower intakes of minimally processed foods, such as fish, fruits, and vegetables, and may be associated with weight gain and obesity in adult populations (Taruvingaet al., 2013).
Food insecurity is a situation of having access to low quantity and under-quality of available food to be consumed by people, which deprive them of dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life has been associated with low income distribution which plays significant roles in the occurrence of food inaccessibility among people in the Nigeria. It is estimated that about 60% of the general populace, majority of which reside in rural areas, live on less than US$1.25 per day in the country (World Bank, 2013) while 80% of their daily income is spent on food consumption (Metu et al., 2016). This means that income is imperative in making rural households to acquire nutritious food. Obviously, a single food cannot contain all the required nutrients and when the households’ income per day is sufficient to demand food varieties, then the likelihood of meeting nutrient requirements and enhancing health is possible (Labadarioset al., 2011).
It has been revealed that, the insecurity of diverse food consumption could result into malnutrition and skipping of nutritive meal, which is influenced by inadequate purchasing power and other financial constraints of demanding for food variety (Taruvinga, et al., 2013). It is therefore imperative to compare the dietary diversity scores of household in Umuahia and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State and nutritional status of respondents.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to compare dietary diversity scores of household in Umuahia North and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The specific objectives are;
1.To determine the socio-economic and demographic characteristic of the households
2. To determine the dietary habit and pattern of the selected households
3.To ascertain the dietary diversity scores of the selected household
4. To determine the nutritional status of the home makers from the selected households
5. To compare dietary diversity scores of households in Umuahia North and Ikwuano
6. To relate the dietary diversity score with socio economic and nutritional status of the selected home makers.
1.3 Significance of the Study
This study will provide knowledge of dietary diversity scores of household in Umuahia and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State and it will take a critical look at the nutritional status of the home maker in Umuahia North and Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The findings from this study will also form a baseline data or information for nutritionist, public health workers, policy makers and advocacies of nutrition and health can be used for planning future nutritional programs.
It will also provide information on the type of intervention needed to improve the health and nutritional status of household in Umuahia. Also information from this research will help to promote, change or improve healthy food choices as part of a lifestyle pattern to prevent a wide range of health and social issues including: family care, household food security and economic development. The work will provide unique approach and broad perspective of this study and it will also provide research scholars interested in carrying out related studies, the necessary conceptual guide and relevant reference material.
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