ABSTRACT
Staple foods remain the major source of foods in Nigeria and West Africa. However, due to challenge of diseases, there have been a lot of setbacks in its farming and processing. The study investigated if application of fungicide affects nutritional composition of cocoyam. Fungicide was applied foliarly, and farming season lasted for 8 months. All farming conditions for proper growth of the cocoyam were achieved. At the end of farming, amino acid analysis, phytochemicals and nutrient composition were determined using standard protocols. Result obtained showed reduced phytocompounds in the normal cocoyam when compared to the group treated with the fungicide. Alkaloid (1.72+0.55, 3.07+0.18), flavonoid (3.96+0.95, 4.31+0.03),Tanins (0.65+0.22, 0.17+0.05), saponin (1.81+0.01, 3.00+0.05), Glycoside (5.26+0.10, 9.23+0.20), oxalate (0.58+0.03, 1.98+0.16) and phytate (0.31+0.03, 1.51+0.10) in control and test group respectively. Result for proximate composition showed reduced crude fibre (3.43+0.24, 1.12+0.07), starch (20.33+0.32, 15.50+0.57), amylose (6.72+0.16, 4.97+0.09) and lipid content (1.85+0.28, 0.96+0.09), reduced vitamin content, reduced amino acid content and increased mineral contents in the group applied fungicide when compared to normal cocoyam. This suggests that fungicide used affected the nutritional composition of fungicide impacted cocoyam.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2
Objective of the Study 2
1.2.1 Specific objectives
of the study 2
1.3
Justification of the Study 2
1.4
Statement of the Problem 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW 4
2.1 General Overview 4
2.2 Fungicides 6
2.2.1 Functions of
fungicides 6
2.2.2 Role of fungicides
in disease management 6
2.2.3 Application methods 7
2.3 Nutritional
Composition of Cocoyam 7
2.4 Phytochemicals 8
2.4.1 Saponins 9
2.4.2 Tannins 9
2.4.3 Flavonoids 9
2.4.4 Alkaloids 10
2.4.5 Phytates 10
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND
METHODS 11
3.1 Materials 11
3.1.1 Planting material
sampling 11
3.2 Methods 11
3.2.1 Cocoyam planting 11
3.2.2 Fungicide
Application 11
3.3 Mechanism of Action 12
3.4 Phytochemical
Content Determination 12
3.4.1 Alkaloids
determination 12
3.4.2 Saponins
determination 13
3.4.3 Tannins
determination 13
3.4.4 Phenol determination 14
3.4.5 Oxalate
determination 15
3.4.6 Phytic acid determination- 16
3.5 Proximate Contents
Determination 16
3.5.1 Moisture
content 17
3.5.2 Ash content 17
3.5.3 Crude fibre content 18
3.5.4 Crude protein
content 18
3.5.5 Fat content 19
3.5.6 Carbohydrate content 20
3.6 Determination of
Vitamins 20
3.6.1 Retinol
determination 20
3.6.2 Thiamine
determination (B1) 21
3.6.3 Riboflavin
determination (B2) 22
3.6.4 Niacin determination
(B3) 23
3.6.5 Determination of
ascorbic acid (Vit.C) 23
3.7 Determination of
Minerals 24
3.7.1 Calcium and
magnesium determination 24
3.7.2 Phosphorus
determination 25
3.7.3 Sodium and potassium
content determination 26
3.8 Amino Acid Profile
Determination 27
3.8.1 Deffating sample 27
3.8.2 Nitrogen
determination 27
3.8.3 Hydrolysis of the
sample 28
3.8.4 Loading of the
hydrolysate into analyzer 28
3.8.5 Methods of
calculating amino acid value. 29
3.9 Statistical
Analysis 29
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION 30
4.1 Results 30
4.2 Discussion 37
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42
5.1 Conclusion 42
5.2 Recommendations 42
References 43
Appendices 54
LIST
OF TABLES
PAGES
1: Phytochemical
screening of leaves 30
2: Proximate composition of
cocoyam 31
3: Functional
properties of cocoyam 32
4: Starch content of
cocoyam 33
5: Vitamin content of
cocoyam 34
6: Mineral content of
cocoyam 35
7: Amino acid composition
of cocoyam 36
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUD OF THE
STUDY
Cocoyam (Colocassia
esculenta) is a major contributor to the human diet in Africa especially
Nigeria and West Africa (FAO, 2005). It has been ranked one of the majorly
consumed tubers on earth (FAOSTAT, 2013). The most significant portions of the
plant are its starchy corms and cormels, used as a subsistence staple,
providing an inexpensive spring of carbohydrates. Cocoyam serves as a route of
money for rural families (Sajeev et
al., 2004). Cocoyam is known to contain considerable amount of protein,
starch, vitamins and minerals, while carbohydrates occur at the highest (Eleazu
et al., 2013). The major nutrient
obtained from its consumption is carbohydrate, yielding energy (O’Hair, 1990).
The tuber is poor in proteins, and concentration of Sulphur contain amino acids
are limiting. One major essential mineral nutrient in cocoyam is Potassium
(FAO, 1990) also rich in Iron, Zinc, Calcium (Englberger et al., 2008). Njoku and Ohia (2007)
reported that cocoyam is a great source of sodium, potassium, magnesium and
calcium, whose salt are regulators of the acid-base balance of the body.
One problem affecting cocoyam farming is the Taro Leaf Blight
Disease. The disease is caused by the foliar pathogen Phytophthora colocasiae, affecting the petioles and corms of its
host. Usually, at initial stage of the disease, small, dark brown flecks or
light brown spots are spotted on the leaf surface especially the point of water
accumulation on leaves. As disease progresses, spots are enlarged till the
leaves are fully damaged (Brooks, 2005). The disease is known to negatively
affect the progress of the affected plant, thus reducing plant yield and
nutritional composition (Onyeka, 2014). The management of the disease involves
cultural practices which may include field sanitation, chemical management
(which looks at use of fungicide and pesticides) and genetic resistance
(Brooks, 2005). However, chemical method has been widely used in the management
of the disease, considering it cheap cost and high protective ability. The use
of chemicals like fungicide has been reported to control Taro Leaf Blight
(Chukwu et al., 2012). However, the
effects of chemical application to combat the disease on the nutritional
composition of the disease have not been fully studied.
1.2
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To evaluate the nutritional composition of fungicide impacted
cocoyam
1.2.1 Specific
objectives of the study
1.
To evaluate the effect of fungicide application
on the amino acid content of cocoyam
2.
To determine the effect of fungicide treatment
on the proximate composition of cocoyam
3.
To determine the effect of fungicide application
on the mineral content, starch yield, amylose, amylopectin and reducing sugar
contents of cocoyam
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Although the use of fungicide was reported to be effective in the
control of Taro Leaf Blight (Chukwu et al., 2012), the effect of these fungicides applications on the nutritional
qualities of cocoyam has not been investigated, although it has been established
in literature that fungicide application could positively or negatively affect
the starch quality of cocoyam, there is paucity of information on the effect of
fungicide application on other nutritional contents of cocoyam, hence the study.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Cocoyam is one of the major staple foods in developing countries
and provides edible starchy corms and cormels with considerable amount of
protein, starch, vitamins and minerals. However, it is observed that taro leaf
blight, the disease of cocoyam (Colocassia
esculenta) caused by a fungus, greatly affect the production of the crop.
To combat this disease, a fungicide is usually applied during the planting
period at various intervals. Previous studies have reported the impact of fungicide
and pesticides application on quality of foods and crop products.
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