ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the comparative investigation of fish ponds in Umudike. From this study a total of six (6) bacteria strains and 3 (three) fungal strains were obtained and identified using standard microbiological standards. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aurues, Samonella species, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp and Bacillus species respectively, whereas the fungal isolates includes Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium sp. The total viable microbial counts evaluated in this study varied from one pond water sample to the other. From the results obtained, the total heterotrophic plate count (THPC) of the pond water samples ranged from 3.1× 105cfu/ml to 3.7×105cfu/ml with pond A giving the highest mean count of 3.7×105cfu/ml while pond D had the lowest mean count of 3.1× 105cfu/ml. The total coliform plate count (TCPC) of the pond water samples ranged from 3.4×105cfu/ml to 4.1×105cfu/ml with pond A giving the highest mean count of 4.1×105cfu/ml while pond B had the lowest mean count of 3.4×105cfu/ml. The total fungal plate count (TFPC) of the pond water samples ranged from 2.4×105cfu/ml to 3.2×105cfu/ml with pond B giving the highest mean count of 3.2×105cfu/ml while pond D had the lowest mean count of 2.4×105cfu/ml. it was observed that Escherichia coli is the most frequently occurring bacteria isolate from the pond water samples with a percentage occurrence of (28.6%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus with a percentage occurrence of (21.4%), then, Salmonella sp, Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp with a percentage occurrence of (14.3%) whereas Proteus sp has the least percentage occurrence of (7.1%). Aspergillus niger is the most frequently occurring fungal isolate from the pond water sample with a percentage occurrence of (44.4%), followed by Aspergillus flavus with a percentage occurrence of (33.3%) whereas Penicillium sp had the least percentage occurrence of (22.2%). The study also revealed that the ponds were grossly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and fungi that could affect fish cultivated. it is recommended that proper construction of fish pond should be ensured. The environment where the fish ponds are located should be protected from pollutants and weeds which can harbour microorganisms that find ways into fish pond by themselves or by passive process through wind, rainfall, thereby affecting the fishes negatively.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table
of Contents vi
List
of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims
and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 4
2.1 Physico-Chemical
and Bacteriological Investigation of Selected Fish Pond 4
2.2 An
Investigation of the Microbiological and Physicochemical Profile of Some
Fish Pond Water 5
2.3 Bacteriological
Study of Pond Water for Aquaculture Purposes 7
2.4 Bacteriological
Investigation of Pond Water Quality 8
2.5 Bacteria
Associated With Fish Pond Water 9
2.5.1 Vibrio paraheamolyticus and
other vibrios 10
2.5.2 Escherichia coli 10
2.5.3 Salmonella species 11
2.5.4 Staphylococcus aureus 12
2.5.5 Listeria monocytogenes 12
2.5.6 Clostridium botulinum 12
2.5.7 Pseudomomas aeruginosa 13
2.5.8 Aeromonas species 13
2.5.9 Citrobacter freundii 14
2.5.10 Edwardsiella tarda 14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods 16
3.1 Materials 16
3.2 Methods 16
3.3 Samples
Collection 16
3.4 Processing
of Samples 16
3.5 Sterilization
of Materials 17
3.6 Media Preparation 17
3.7 Microbiological
Studies 17
3.7.1 Preparation of sample and inoculation of
samples 17
3.7.2 Isolation 17
3.7.3 Total Coliforms 18
3.8 Identification
of Bacterial Isolates 18
3.8.1 Gram Staining 18
3.8.2 Biochemical
Identification 19
3.8.2.1 Catalase Test 19
3.8.2.2 Citrate Test 19
3.8.2.3 Oxidase Test 19
3.8.2.4 Indole Test 19
3.8.2.5 Methyl Red Test
(MR) 20
3.8.2.6 Voges-Proskauer Test (VP) 20
3.8.2.7 Motility Test 20
3.9 Determination
of Occurrence 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
Conclusion and Recommendations 28
5.1 Discussion 28
5.2 Conclusion 31
5.3 Recommendation 31
References 33
LIST OF
TABLES
|
TABLE
|
TITLE
|
PAGE
|
|
4.1
|
Total viable microbial count from the fish pond water samples
|
23
|
|
4.2
|
Morphological identification, Biochemical Identification, Gram
Reaction and Sugar Utilization Profile of bacterial isolates from the fish
pond water samples
|
24
|
|
4.3
|
Cultural Morphology and Microscopic Characteristics of the
Fungal Isolates from the fish pond water samples
|
25
|
|
4.4
|
Percentage occurrence and distribution of the bacteria isolates
from the fish pond water samples
|
26
|
|
4.5
|
Percentage occurrence and distribution of the fungal isolates
from the fish pond water samples
|
27
|
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pond water sources are useful for
diversified purposes including aquaculture and other related uses at the
domestic level. Ponds are naturally formed by a depression in the ground
filling and retaining water. Streams or spring water is usually fed into these
bodies. A fish pond is an artificial lake (reservoir, pond) intended for fish
breeding. Fishes are the most popular animal cultured in the pond. Fishes are
among the edible food sources naturally living in water, consumed by man and
containing many nutrients such as protein, minerals, fat, oil, etc. Fish ponds
are constructed where fishes are fed and their growth are easily observed and
monitored. Fishes that are commonly produced in fish ponds are catfish, tilapia
and codfish (Fredrickson et al.,
2004). In Nigeria, catfish is produced in 98% of our fish ponds. The species of
catfish that can be produced include: Clarias
anguillaris, Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus congifilis, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, etc.
Water is very essential in fish
pond, water plays a vital role in the proper functioning of earth ecosystem and
also essential for fish and living creatures for metabolism. The temperature of
water supplied to a fish pond ranges from 25°C to 35°C as this supports the
growth of the microorganisms and fishes found in the pond. There are various
sources of water, including well water, borehole water, stream water, river
water, etc., that can be supplied to the fish pond. Some bacteria coliform
groups like E. coli, in the ponds are
transported from these sources of water or the media of transportation into the
ponds. There are several microorganisms found in ponds including bacteria,
fungi, algae, protozoa, nematodes and viruses. Bacteria has a unique
characteristics, they are ubiquitous in every habitation on earth, growing in
soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive wastes, water and the live bodies of
plants and animals (Fredrickson et al.,
2004). Thus, bacteria are important microorganisms in ponds, whereby, some are
beneficial, others are not. Beneficial ponds bacteria are natural and safe for
fish, pets and people. Beneficial bacteria are microorganisms that occur
naturally in water gardens, streams, ponds, etc. They are responsible for
maintaining crystal clear healthy water, breaking down organic waste, breaking
down ammonia from fish waste, reducing nitrite and nitrate, reducing nutrient
load in ponds and balancing the ecosystem. Aquatic bacteria, through the
process of decomposition and as sources of food, play an important role in pond
ecosystems and also in fish production. Previous researches show that the
production levels based on aquatic bacteria are greater, by 1.8 to 9.3 times
than in system based on phytoplankton. Non-beneficial bacteria cause offensive
odour to ponds and also diseases in fishes. However, fishes have evolved a
number of protective adaptations with several unique traits against bacteria
and other organisms in their outside coverings including scales, fins and in
particular, protective mucous which cover the body, and also secretions from
various organs (gills, liver), possesses antibiotic properties (Fredrickson et al., 2004).
The distribution of heterotrophic
bacteria and total aquatic bacteria vary with the water layers. According to
previous research, in the 50 cm water sources, which is near the water surface
and contains abundant quantities of dissolved oxygen and organic water, the
aerobic bacteria reproduce very quickly and the result is a large number of
heterotrophic bacteria in this layer. In the 100cm middle layer, where most of
the filter feeding fish takes food, the number of bacteria is lowest of the
three in this water region. The number of bacteria is higher of the silt layer
because the sediment contains organic matter such as food and fish manure. The
dissolved oxygen content is low, however. There is also difference in the
levels of bacteria produced during the morning and relatively 40% higher level
in afternoon probably due to change in water temperature and dissolved oxygen
content (DO). There are various factors affecting the distribution of bacteria
in fish pond which includes predatory protozoa present in water.
This has significant impact in
decreasing the number of bacteria. Protozoa require living or dead bacteria for
food and easily engulf large number of these organisms, provided the water
contains sufficient dissolved oxygen. In a water supply, the toxicity of
ultraviolet rays is inversely proportional to turbidity. Similarly, increasing
temperature exerts a harmful effect upon the survival of some organisms in
water, especially those capable of producing disease. On the other hand,
multiplication of certain soil and intestinal forms actually occur when the
temperature of the water is increased, e.g. E.
coli is capable of multiplying when inoculated at 37°C. An increase in food
supply also usually results in an increase in bacterial number. On the other
hand, certain toxic substances such as acids and bases produced a marked
reduction in the number of viable organisms.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This study is aimed at comparing the
microorganisms associated with two fish ponds in Umuahia, Abia state.
The objectives are;
• To isolate
and characterize microorganisms present in the fish pond water samples.
• To determine
the percentage occurrence of the isolates.
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