ABSTRACT
This research study examines the comparative analysis
of public and private secondary schools students’ performance in social studies
with focus on Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The
study employed quasi- experimental design and survey design. Data were garnered
mainly by primary source with the use well structured Teachers’ Questionnaire
and Students’ Achievement Test. The Teachers’ questionnaire was used to find
out the differences of school facilities, qualification of teachers and welfare
of teachers among the public and private secondary schools, while Students’
Achievement Test was used to determine the performance of students in social
studies among the public and private secondary schools of study. The population
for this study is made up of students and teachers of three (3) public and
three (3) private schools in Ifako Ijaiye, Local Government Area of Lagos State
Nigeria. The selected public schools are Somori Comprehensive High School,
Ifako Ijaiye Junior Comprehensive High School, Community Secondary School, and
the selected private schools are African Church Grammar School, Dadeyo
Secondary School and Solomon Grace international school, Abule Egba, Lagos. The
sample of the study comprised of 120 (One hundred and Twenty) students, 20
(twenty) each from the selected schools and 12 (twelve) teachers, 2 (two) each
from the schools. The researcher used stratified and proportionate sampling
technique in the selection of sample. The statistical Techniques used in
analyzing the Data collected were ANOVA and CHI-SQUARE. The first statistical
technique was used to analyze the scores of the students of public and private
secondary schools. The findings showed that there were no significant
differences in the academic performance of public and private secondary school
students in social studies. Chi-square was used to test the other three
research hypotheses and it was discovered that there were significant differences
in terms of school facilities teacher’s qualification and teacher welfare in
public and private secondary schools in Lagos State. However, based on the data
collected and analyzed, it was found that public secondary schools are having
more qualified teachers than the private secondary schools. Based on the
research findings, the researcher made some recommendations, among which are:
government should provide teachers with necessary incentives so as to motivate
them for greater input to the teaching/learning activities, and create a forum
where all stakeholders in the business of education will be meeting to discuss
areas of problems in secondary education in the state and proper solutions to
the problems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study 2
1.4 Research Questions 3
1.5 Research hypotheses 3
1.6 Significance of the Study 4
1.7 Basic Assumption 5
1.8 Limitations
of the study 6
1.9 Scope and Delimitation of
the study 6
1.10 Operational
Definition of Key Terms 6
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Conceptual Framework 7
2.3 The Concept of Academic Performance 8
2.4 Learning Environment as
Factor of Differences in Academic Performance Among
Learners 9
2.5 Objectives of Education in Nigeria 14
2.6 Problems of Education in Nigeria 16
2.7 Poor Supervision of Instruction and
Student’s Academic Performance 17
2.8 Teachers’ Qualification and Students’
Academic Performance 19
2.9 Instructional Facilities and Student’s
Academic Performance 23
2.10 Social and Emotional Learning Development
and Students’ Academic Performance 25
2.11 Physical development and students ‘academic
performance 26
2.12 Presenting the lesson 27
2.13 The current situation of teaching/learning
social studies in public and private schools
28
2.14 Empirical Studies 29
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Research Design 32
3.3 Target Population 32
3.4 Sample size and Sampling Techniques 33
3.5 Instrumentation 33
3.5.1 Validation of research
instrument 34
3.5.2 Pilot study 34
3.5.3 Reliability of the Instrument 34
3.6 Procedure for Data collection 34
3.7 Procedure
for data analysis 35
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS
AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Students
Achievement Test Score 36
4.3 Response
of teachers to the problem areas 37
4.4 Testing of Research
Hypotheses 45
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Summary 53
5.3 Conclusion 53
5.4 Recommendations 54
5.5 Suggestions for further
studies 55
5.6 Implications
of the study to curriculum Planners 55
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIX I: Students’ Achievement Test 61
APPENDIX II: Teachers’ Questionnaire 63
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
The overall objective in every teaching –learning
interaction as usually required is to bring about harmonious development of the
individual and acquisition of the desired knowledge, values and skills to
enable him/her function in a particular way. The process of teaching needs to
be supervised for effective teaching- learning process. The syllabus and
curriculum system must be given special care and consideration so as to achieve
the desired objectives. Thus, when curriculum system is ensured in every school,
there will be positive developments that will bring permanent change in the
behaviour of the learner signifying that learning has taken place.
However, human
societies differ in the way they teach their children values, norms and skills,
while others impart skills in formal way, through organized system, that is a
well recognized system approved by the ministry of education. Others prefer
more traditional ways in inculcating such desired values, notwithstanding the
particular society in which learning takes place, and methodology used, a
number of variables interact together to bring about a stable and permanent
changes in behaviour.
Thus, the study intends to
investigate the Comparative analysis of public and private secondary school
students’ performance in social studies in lagos state.
The study also intends
to look at these variables, the learner, the teacher and the learning
environment, because learning can only take place where there is a learner and
the learner has to be physically, mentally, socially and morally ready to
learn. Thus, when the learner is not fit to learn due to some health problems
or interest, then the objectives of teaching and learning are hampered.
Consequently, besides the two important variables mentioned
in teaching- learning process, the environment in which learning takes place
has to be conducive for learning. In formal learning, schools are not just a
place to learn, to read and write but also receive complete education.
Therefore, schools have to provide suitable environment for effective and
proper development of the learner so as to acquire the desired skills, but
where the school environment is deficient or lacking in the materials required
for effective learning, the designed objectives could not be achieved.
The facilities required for effective teaching – learning
are: adequate classroom space, curriculum system, experienced teachers,
teaching –learning materials such as text books, boards, chalks, visual aids
etc.
This study was carried out
in order to address the importance of school facilities and equipment that need
to be made available in both public and private
schools in the study area. The absence or shortage of facilities and
equipment in the schools particularly would be a stumbling block and impediment
towards the excellent academic performance of the students. It is in view of
this that a decision was taken to make a research on the performance of students
in social studies in public and private schools in Ifako Ijaiye local
government of Lagos state.
1.2 Statement of the problem
It is important to note that meaningful
conclusions cannot be attained in every work without a defined focus. Thus, the
researcher intends to find out the problems militating against effective
teaching and learning of social studies in public and private schools in Ifako
Ijaiye Local Government Area. Some of the problems are: the roles of teachers,
the environment in which learning takes place, lack of supervision, lack of
adequate teaching-learning materials, instructional school facilities and lack
of qualified teachers in teaching the subject of social studies at the Junior
school level so as to have sound justification of improving learning
environment, teaching-learning materials and supervision of instruction in the
Local Government and Lagos state at large. This research therefore intends to
find out if there are significant differences in the academic performance of students
of private and public schools in social studies.
1.3 Objectives
of the study
This study sets
out to achieve the following objectives:
1.
To find out if there is significant difference in the
academic performance of students of private and public schools in social
studies in Lagos State
2.
To find out if there are significant differences in terms of
school facilities between the private and public schools in Lagos State
3.
To find out if there are significant differences in terms of
qualification of teachers in private and public schools in Lagos State
4.
To find out if there are significant differences in terms of
teachers’ welfare package(s) in private and public schools in Lagos State
1.4 Research questions
1.
Is there any significant difference in the academic
performance of students of private and public schools in social studies in
Lagos State?
2.
Do private schools have better facilities than the public
schools?
3.
Do private schools have more qualified teachers than the
public schools?
4.
Do the private school teachers have better welfare than the
public school teachers?
1.5
Research Hypotheses
Hypothesis One
Ho: There is no
significant difference in the academic performance of students of private and
public schools in social studies in Lagos State.
H1: There is
significant difference in the academic performance of students of private and
public schools in social studies in Lagos State.
Hypothesis Two
Ho: There is
no significant differences in the school facilities provided by private and
public schools.
H1: There is
significant differences in the school facilities provided by private and public
schools.
Hypothesis Three
Ho: There is
no significant differences in terms of qualification of teachers in private and public schools.
H1: There is
significant differences in terms of qualification of teachers in private and public schools.
Hypothesis Four
Ho: There are no significant differences in the teachers’ welfare
provided to social studies teachers of private and public schools.
H1: There is significant differences in the teachers’ welfare
provided to social studies teachers of private and public schools.
1.6 Significance of the study
The main aim of carrying out this research is to bring about
positive improvement in the practice of education through finding new knowledge
or information. Therefore, this research is important in many areas to the
following stakeholders in the business of education for obtaining good output
in education in Ifako Ijaiye local government area and the state at large.
This study is significant and beneficial to the
teachers in many areas. The research will make the teachers conscious of the
current status of school students’ academic performance in both public and
private schools within the area under study. The study will also expose to them
the factors responsible for the differences in academic performance of the students
in public and private schools if there is any difference and suggest the
possible ways to be followed to remedy the situation. At the same time, the
research will reveal to them the significance of facilities required for
effective teaching- learning like adequate classroom space, curriculum system,
experienced and qualified teachers, game fields, teachers’ development
etc,
The study is also important to students in their learning
process. The research will make them know the level of their academic performance
especially in social studies subjects. Thus, the students through this research
will be able to grasp certain areas of their considerable effort and excellent
academic performance in the subject they study, and also be aware of their
deficiencies in certain areas of their social studies subject. The study is
also paramount importance to students because the acquisition of the suitable
levels of literacy manipulative, communicative and good life skills, values and
norms will serve as bed-rock, for laying a sound foundation for their future
learning, improvement and development.
The study is very
crucial to the curriculum planners. The curriculum planners are professional
individuals who are well trained in curriculum management, they are active participants
in the field of curriculum and they are responsible for curriculum planning as
regards to contents and implementation procedures. Therefore, curriculum
planning has been seen as a collection of readings that presents the knowledge,
skills and alternative strategies needed by curriculum planners and teachers at
all levels of education from early childhood through adulthood.
Thus, the curriculum planners through this study will come to know whether the curriculum system of private
schools in the areas studied is in line with public schools curriculum system
or not, so that a good action would be taken to ensure similar curriculum
system. However, if the curriculum system particularly in social studies is
similar in both public and private schools in the study area, then the
curriculum planners will have a thorough knowledge on the current curriculum
system of public and private schools in the study areas. The study will also
reveal to them the process involved of curriculum implementation in these
selected public and private schools.
The research is also
useful and beneficial to the federal, state and local government education
policy makers. The policy makers in education include: the minister of
education, commissioners of education, local government education secretaries
and so on. Therefore, the outcome of this research will give them a clear
picture of the level of academic performance of public and private school
students. Having known the academic performance of the students especially in social
studies, the policy makers can create or formulate new educational policy that
will ensure the same curriculum system in both public and private schools in
the study areas, and Lagos state in general so as to achieve similar objectives
in both public and private schools. The study will make it clear to them the major factors responsible for
affecting the students’ academic performance of both public and private schools
within the study areas, so that appropriate actions would be taken to resolve
the condition.
The public in the business of education are also
expected to benefit from this study for obtaining good output in education in Ifako
Ijaiye local government and Lagos state at large. It has been aware that the
concern of most public today is mainly on what they can do to help children to
acquire a sound education because of its place of influencing an individual’s
performance in later academic life. This research will therefore help the
general public in knowing the ways to improve academic performance of learners.
It has been observed that qualitative education is mostly desired by the
general public. The study will also reveal to the general public the
significance of providing enough school facilities that will facilitate the
teaching- learning process so as to have effective and a sound knowledge.
1.7 Basic Assumptions
The research is based on the assumption that:
1. Private and public schools
have effective teachers of social studies.
2. Private and public schools
in Lagos state have adequate supply of instructional materials for effective
teaching of social studies subject.
3. Both private and public
school students in Lagos state perform well in social studies subject.
4. Both private and public schools
in Lagos state are having good and qualified teachers of social studies
subject.
1.8
Limitations of the Study
The researcher
envisage some predicament that could hinder the success of this research. They
are finance, time and sourcing of materials. Also constrain of certain inhibitions
in terms of data collection which some respondents would not in good
disposition to give out easily.
1.9 Scope and Delimitation of the study
The scope of this study is
limited to finding out the comparative academic performance of junior secondary
school students in social studies in selected school in Ifako Ijaiye local
government in Lagos state. The research is delimited to students, teachers and
head teachers. Therefore, teachers and students of social studies are covered
by the study.
1.10 Operational
Definitions of Terms
Operational definitions of
some terms used in the study are hereby given as follows:
Private Schools: This refers to secondary
schools owned and financed by private individuals in Nigeria.
Public Schools: This means schools owned,
controlled and managed by the government, which could be federal government or
the state government.
Academic performance: This refers to the overall
performance of students in both their continuous assessments, and examinations
over a period of school time.
Comparative Study: This means finding out the
relationship between two or more things or variables.
Social Studies: is the study of people in relation to each
other and to their world. It is an issues- focused and inquiry-based
interdisciplinary subject that draws upon history, geography, ecology,
economics, law, philosophy, political science and other social science disciplines
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