Abstract
This study presents the
development of a Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT)-based system for
intelligent hospital management, aimed at addressing persistent challenges in
data security, accessibility, and operational efficiency in healthcare institutions.
The primary objective is to design, implement, and evaluate a technologically
advanced hospital management system leveraging the decentralized and secure
features of blockchain, the real-time data collection capabilities of IoT, and
the predictive power of machine learning. The system is developed using the
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) methodology, which facilitates
efficient modeling of system components and their interactions. Key modules of
the existing system, such as patient management, doctor and pharmacist
interfaces, are enhanced through the integration of advanced technologies. The
system is implemented using JavaScript and supported by Ethereum for blockchain
operations, ensuring transparency, immutability, and secure access control via
smart contracts. IoT devices integrated into the system enable real-time
monitoring of patient vitals, medication adherence, and environmental
conditions within the hospital. These data streams are securely recorded on the
blockchain, where machine learning algorithms analyze them to detect health
anomalies, predict patient needs, and personalize care. This holistic
integration significantly improves healthcare service delivery by ensuring
accurate, timely, and secure access to patient data. The system architecture
includes high-performance servers, secure storage solutions, and robust
networking equipment to support real-time data processing and blockchain
operations. Software requirements include blockchain platforms, database
systems, and web/mobile applications for seamless interaction among patients,
doctors, and administrative staff. Performance evaluation demonstrates the
system's effectiveness in enhancing data security, operational efficiency, and
decision-making processes. By granting patients full control over their health
data and enabling healthcare providers to deliver personalized care through
data-driven insights, the proposed system addresses critical limitations of
traditional hospital management systems. In conclusion, this blockchain and
IoT-based intelligent hospital management system represents a transformative
approach to healthcare administration. It not only strengthens data integrity
and access control but also empowers healthcare providers with advanced
analytical tools, ultimately improving patient outcomes. The study recommends
investing in staff training and ensuring regulatory compliance to fully realize
the benefits of this innovative solution.
Keywords:
Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), Hospital Management System, Smart
Healthcare, Data Security
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front Page 1
Abstract 2
Table of Contents 3
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study 5
1.2 Security
and Privacy 8
1.3 Statement
of the Problem 10
1.4 Aim
and Objectives of the Study 10
1.5 Significance
of the Study 11
1.6 Definition
of Technical Terms 11
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of
Intelligent Hospital Management System 13
2.2 IOT
based health Care 14
2.3 IoT Application
in the Field of Health Care 16
2.4 Blockchain Technology 18
2.5 Blockchain
Frameworks 25
2.6
Hyperledger Fabric 25
2.7
Ethereum 26
2.8 Health Sector 28
2.9
Security Analysis 30
2.10 Smart Health Care 32
2.11 Automated
Hospital System 35
2.12 Data
Issue in IoT 38
2.13 Health
Records Portal Service 40
2.14 Mobile Base Health Care 40
2.14 Review of Related Works 44
2.15 Research
Gap 46
CHAPTER
3
MATERIAL
AND METHODS
3.1 Research
Methodology 48
3.2
Object Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) 48
3.3 Analysis
of Existing System 50
3.3.1 Component
of the Existing System 51
3.3.2 Advantages
of the Existing System 51
3.3.3 Limitations
of the Existing System. 52
3.4 Analysis
of the Proposed System 52
3.4.1 Advantages
of the Proposed System 54
3.4.2 Architectural Design of the Proposed System 57
3.4.3 Component
of the Proposed System 60
3.4.4 Algorithm
of the Proposed System 63
3.5 Use Case Design 69
3.5.1 Sequence
Diagram 70
3.5.2 Activity
Diagram 72
3.5.3 Flowchart
of the Proposed System 74
3.5.3 Data
Collection 75
References 77
CHAPTER
4
RESULT
AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.0
Introduction 69
4.1 System
Architecture 69
4.2 Physical
Design 70
4.2.1 Network
Infrastructure 70
4.2.2 Hardware
Requirements 70
4.2.3 Software
Requirements 70
4.3 Setting
Up the Environment 71
4.3.1 Development
Environment 71
4.3.2 Testing
Environment 71
4.3.3 Production
Environment 71
4.4 Implementation
of the Blockchain 71
4.4.1 Blockchain
Network Setup 71
4.4.2 Smart
Contract Deployment 71
4.4.3 System
Integration 71
4.5 Main
Page 71
4.5.1 Admin
Page 72
4.5.2 Doctor
Page 74
4.5.3 Patient
Page 74
4.5.4 Staff Page 75
4.6 System
Testing and Integration 77
4.6.1 Unit
Testing 77
4.6.2 Integration
Testing 77
4.6.3 System
Testing 77
4.6.4 User
Acceptance Testing 77
4.7 Test
Plan 77
4.7.1 Objectives 78
4.8 Test
Data 78
4.8.1 Synthetic
Data 78
4.9 Security
and Interoperability 78
4.9.1 Benefits
of Blockchain in Hospital Management 78
4.9.2 Implementation
Challenges 79
CHAPTER
5
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 80
5.2 Conclusion 80
5.3 Recommendations 80
References 81
Appendix 83
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Healthcare systems
worldwide face challenges related to data security, interoperability and
operational efficiency. Majority of
operations in our hospital today are 85% manual
and patients must visit the hospital for diagnosis and consultation,
patients medical history are not distributed over the internet. This has reduced access to quality healthcare
by patients.
This research is aimed at
developing an intelligent hospital management system (IHMS) using Artificial
intelligence, Blockchain and internet of things (IOT) to provide smart
Healthcare.
Intelligent system is an
artificial system that
i.
operates as an agent
ie the system perceives it environment,
acts in the environment and interacts with other agents, and
ii.
Exhibits rational
behavior, ie the system acts rationally (to maximize the success of its tasks)
an shows rational thinking (Justified belief through reasoning) with the
emergence of artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain and internet
of things (IOTS) the world has becomes a smart ecosystem.
(BokiKoyunue
et al., 2015) define an intelligent hospital
management system as a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to
manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. The IHMS can be utilized to perform the tasks
in a more efficient and cost effective manner.
It is always preferable to prevent ````than cure.
As the area of medical informatics,
patients medical records are centralized and lack of real time situation
management all these causes delay in
response time and treatment by health practitioners. Susan G. Bornstein, MD,
MPH points out that, without a national healthcare database in place .,”medical
provider in one office or healthcare
system are precluded from seeing a patient’s information in another system, to the detriment of the patient. Cyberattacks are carried out by using
various malware like Trojans, Rootkits, Virus, etc. and are known as
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, Man in the Middle (MITM) attack,
phishing, Ransomware attack, and Structured Language Query (SQL) injection. Blockchain
has emerge das a promising mitigation technology for cyber security
In
smart healthcare hospitals support. Smart healthcare components comprises of
the main items clinic, geographical, and community. To optimize practices of current patient care
and implementation of new features, smart healthcare focuses on environment
driven by information and communication technology. (ICT).Concentrating primary
on effective and efficient IOT Technology and process automation.(Papa, et al 2020).Intelligent hospital system
use in hospital management. It is paramount that these healthcare challenges be
adequately addressed.
(Jan.
Q et al2020). In securing patient
data blockhain technology is incorporated. Data security has become a
significant issues globally .(Omoyiola, 2018) These security risks do exist to
the form of vulnerabilities, hacks, data breaches, insider threats human
employee errors, etc and they must be mitigated to avoid danger (Omoyiola,
2019). Blockchain has a wide range of applications and uses in healthcare as
well as it helps secure the transfer of patients medical records, manage drug
chains, and unlock genetic code for health researchers.
Blockchain
is a sequence of blocks which holds a complete list of transaction record like
conventional public ledger. (Wang et al.,
2018), for accurate diagnosis “Reliable data assure consumers of the safety
of their personal information, the confidentiality of their data, integrity of
their data, and the use of their data for adequate planning and decision making
goals” (Whyte, 2021).The blockchain technology was first mentioned by Stuart
Haber and W. Scott Stornetta in 1991. However, Satoshi Nakamoto, a person who
goes by the alias, popularized it in 2008 to operate as the public transaction
ledger of Bitcoin. Over the past one decade and a half, there have been
innovations around blockchain consensus mechanisms, constitutional design,
programmable smart contracts, and tokens. Blockchain 1.0 applications were
mainly limited to digital currencies, which were used in commercial
transactions, foreign exchange, gambling, and money laundering. The expansion
of Blockchain 2.0 applications enabled smart contracts, decentralized
applications (dApps), and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO).
Blockchain 3.0 was able to register its presence in areas, such as education,
health, science, transportation, and logistics in addition to currency and
finance, and now Blockchain 4.0 is evolving as a business-friendly ecosystem
for the world of commons.
The integration of blockchain with emerging
technologies like Internet of Things, cloud, artificial intelligence, and
robotics is one of the biggest promises of the times to come. Blockchain is
typically classified into public, private, and consortium blockchain. A public
blockchain is a permission less blockchain in which any user, whosoever wishes
to transact with the network, can participate and write on the blockchain. A
private blockchain only allows nodes coming from a specific organization to participate
in the consensus process. That’s why it is also called permissioned blockchain.
A consortium blockchain is a semi-private system in which a group of
like-minded companies leverage cross-company solutions to improve workflow,
accountability, and transparency. Blockchain, irrespective of its type, uses an
asymmetric cryptography mechanism to validate the authenticity of transactions.
It is basically a network of participants that share nodes for common business
purpose and process. All these blocks join in a sequence, and to do this, each
block gets a unique hash that exactly matches the string of data in that block.
If anything inside a block changes, even to a little extent, the block gets a
new hash. In a blockchain, this hash is created by a cryptographic hash
function. A cryptographic hash function is a complex algorithm that takes any
string of input and turns it into a 64-digit string of output. A hash is not
always qualified. A block on the blockchain will only be accepted if its hash
starts with at least ten consecutive zeros. A small, specific piece of data is
added to each block called a nonce. The introduction process of repeatedly
altering and hashing a block’s data to find a suitable hash is called mining,
and this is what miners do. Miners spend a lot of electricity in the form of
computational power by constantly changing the block structure (nonce) and
hashing it until a qualified signature (output) is found. The more
computational power they have, the faster they can hash different block
compositions to find a qualified hash. Blockchain also helps to manage drug
supply chains and unlock biological codes for health researchers.(Hitesh K S et al 2022) Internet of people was inverted in 1983 and
used to share information such as pictures, texts and audio files between human
beings. Internet of things (IOTs) is the
same only the difference being that, in this case, things have specific sensors
which can interact with other things and human beings. Times like covid-19 pandemic, have forced us
to find alternative way to visit doctors and get necessary consultation. IOT provides an excellent method to solve
this problem for both patients and doctors for patients, everything they use or
wear such as smart-watches, weighing machines can be embedded with necessary
sensors, which provides constant feedback of the person and upload analyze it
over the cloud.
Internet
of things (IOTs) stands out as the core technology and solution to address
hospitals administration issues, through digitization and building intelligence
in the hospital management system, to address the issues of delay in medical
diagnosis and doctor consultation by patients.
These data captured by IOT devices will be analyzed by the AI-enabled
digital interfaces system for prediction.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Traditional hospital management faces
challenges related to data security ,transparency and operational efficiency .As most of the
existing system lack robust mechanism to
ensure data integrity, decetralisation
and privacy of patient medical information, which lead to concern regarding to
data breaches ,remote monitoring of patients vitals in real time and unauthorized access. This technologies, blockchain and
internet of things promises to treat patients
medical records, infringement prevention, improvement, medication and prescription
control, effective real time information for quick consultation and diagnosis
easy prediction ,access to medical care ,enforcing data security.. This study combined blockchain,
IoTs and machine learning technologies
to build an Intelligent hospital
management (IHMS) which will address the
issue of ;
i.
Data privacy
ii.
Access control
iii.
authenticity,
1.3
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is
to develop a blockchain and internet of things (IoTs) based system for
intelligent hospital management. The aim of the study will be achieved with the
following objectives.
i.
To design an intelligent
hospital management system using blockchain and internet of things based
technologies.
ii.
To implement the system
using Javascript programming language.
iii.
Evaluate the system
effectiveness and performance.
1.4
Significance of the Study
This study will
contribute to
i.
The quality of healthcare
available in the healthcare sector.
ii.
The security of patients
medical record.
iii.
The accuracy of medical
diagnosis.
iv.
The generation of
patients real time health information by reducing medical consultation time.
v.
Avoid repetition of
medical laboratory test
vi.
To quick delivery of healthcare services
1.5
Definition of Technical Terms
Data security.
Means protecting digital data, such as those in a database, from destructive
forces and from unwanted actions of unauthorized user.
Blockchain- Is
a type of distributed ledger technology where transaction records are saved, in
the ledger, as a chain of blocks.
Internet of Things
– Is the network of physical objects - “Things” that are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the internet .IoT refers to a network
of physical objects, which can gather and share electronic information. The IoT
includes a variety of smart devices, ranging from industrial machines to sensor
that tracks the human body.
Interoperability
–is the ability of different devices and services to work together
Distributed Ledger
Technology (DLT) is a technical infrastructure and
protocol that allows simultaneous access, verification and updating of records
in an irreversible manner over a network spanning multiple entities or
locations.
Block
is the smallest unit of data that is linked with one another .
Timestamp:
When the block is verified and mined.
Nonce:
A random number used to create the hash.
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