ABSTRACT
The bacteria associated on the external surface of houseflies (Musca domestica) collected from different canteens in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike was investigated. A total of 200 houseflies were captured, 40 each from the individual sites of collection. Three bacterial genera were isolated from the samples used in this study. They include Escherichia coli, proteus spp and Streptococcus spp. The range of bacterial count obtained from this study was 2.0 × 103 cfu ̸ g – 8.0 × 104 cfu ̸ g. The percentage occurrence of the isolated bacteria showed that Escherichia coli and proteus spp have the highest percentage of occurrence of 45.5% each, while the least percentage of occurrences was recorded for Streptococcus spp with a percentage occurrence of 9%. Antibiotic sensitivity tests carried out showed that Escherichia coli was sensitive to the antibiotics Tarivid, Streptomycin, Septrin, Amoxacillin, Gentamycin, Reflacine and resistant to Nalidixic Acid, Ampicilin and Ceporex. Proteus spp was sensitive to Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Reflacine, Streptomycin, Ciproflox, Zinnacef and resistant to Amoxacillin, While Streptococcus spp was resistant to Ampliclox, Amoxacillin, Recephin, Zinnacef, Streptomycin, Septrin and sensitive to Pefloxacin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v
List of tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
4
2.1 The housefly (musca domestica) 7
2.1.1 Housefly
ecology 7
2.1.2 Housefly
distribution 9
2.1.3 Housefly Evolution
and taxonomy 9
2.2 Housefly Relationship
with humans 10
2.3 Housefly As a disease vector 10
2.4 Control of
houseflies 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 13
3.1 Study area 13
2
3
3.2 Sample collection 13
3.3 Media used
13
3.4 Media Preparation 14
3.5 Sample Preparation 15
3.6 Bacterial isolation 16
3.7 Characterization and identification of bacterial isolates 16
3.7.1
Morphological examination 16
3.7.2
Gram staining 16
3.8 Biochemical identification
of the isolates 17
3.8.1
Catalase test
17
3.8.2
Citrate utilization test
17
3.8.3
Motility test
17
3.8.4
Indole
18
3.8.5
Sucrose
18
3.8.6
Coagulase test 18
3.8.7
Triple sugar iron test
18
3.8.8
Oxidase test 19
3.8.9
Methyl red ̸Voges Prokauer (MR-VP) Test
19
3.9 Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Test 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4
Results
21
CHAPTER FIVE
5
Discussion, Conclusion and recommendation
27
5.2 Discussion 27
5.3 Conclusion 29
5.4 Recommendation 30
References
31-40
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Page
Table 1 Morphological characteristics of the
bacterial isolates 22
Table 2 bacterial load of the samples analyzed 23
Table 3 Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the
organisms isolated
24
Table 4 Biochemical characterization of the
isolates
25
Table 5 percentage occurrence of bacterial
isolates
26
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTON
The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder
Cyclorrhapha. It is the most common of all domestic flies, accounting for about
90% of all flies in human habitation all over the world (Nmorsi et al., 2006); and indeed one of the most
widely distributed insects, found all over the world. It is considered a pest
that can transmit serious diseases. According to Service (2004), about 170
genera and 4200 species in the family Muscidae are recognized, some of which
are medically important including the housefly, M. domestica. It is a typical
example of synanthropic animal, one that lives in association with humans
(Subejo, 2010). It is considered one of the most important pests which cause
health problems in the environment as it accompanies human during their daily activity
everywhere, on work site or in rest places causing disturbances to them
(Howard, 2011). Housefly imposes itself on human and all what is available,
food and waste and is considered as very dangerous to public health and causes
economic problems to farm animals (Service, 1980). House flies move around
mostly during the day and like warm places and showing preference for direct
sunshine. Their filthy habits, culminating in their indiscriminate movements
between filth and food and defecation while feeding, make houseflies efficient
transmitters of germs (Olsen, 1998).
Besides contaminating food with eggs and
maggots, flies can carry bacteria that cause intestinal diseases. Flies can
travel from faecal materials to our food very easily, carrying bacteria with
them on body hairs or the sticky pads on their feet. When feeding, flies expel
saliva and faeces that may also contain bacteria. Sometimes flies lay eggs or
maggots on the flesh or wounds of man and animals. Since housefly feed on
contaminated substances such as human and animal excreta, sputum, excretion from
wound, the flies can carry pathogens on their spongy mouthpart, body, and leg
hairs, which is directly transmitted to the next visited surface of human food
(Manzon and Sanchoz, 1997). The common housefly (Musca domestica),
lives in close association with people all over the world, the insects feed on
human foodstuffs and wastes where they can pick up and transport various
disease agents. Several studies
in different parts of the world showed that house flies as carrier for
microorganisms, Merchant, et al.,(1987) referred that house fly
causative agent for spread of various diseases like anthrax, leprosy,
tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, dysentery and intestinal parasites in
humans. Moreover they are intermediate hosts and vectors for horse nematodes
and some of cestodes poultry and pointed that coccidian parasite of poultry may
be transmitted mechanically by house flies. Graczyk, et al., (2001)
observed that house flies are a major epidemiological factors responsible for
spread of acute gastroenteritis and trachoma between infants and young children
in developing countries and referred that these flies play important role in
transmission of nosocomial infections with multi drug resistance bacteria in
hospital environments and noted some of microorganisms can a live inside or on
the bodies surface of flies from 5-6 hours up to 35 days. Sales, et al.,
(2002) revealed role of Musca domestica in transport pathogens and
isolated many species of yeast and filamentous fungi that cause illness,
majority of these Fungi may cause life threatening infections especially in
immunocompromised patients. Tan et al.,1997)) in Malaysia showed in
their study that house fly as mechanical vectors for rotavirus by their wings
and legs, Harwood & James (1979) referred more than 100 species of
pathogenic organisms have been isolated from external surface and digestive
tract of flies and pointed these Pathogens remain alive in house flies for an
appreciable time.
1.1 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES
AIM: To isolate bacterial
associated with the external surface of housefly collected from different
canteens in m.o.u.a.u.
OBJECTIVES:
i.
To isolate bacteria from the external surface
of housefly in different canteens in m.o.u.a.u.
ii. To characterize and identify the organisms
isolated from the housefly.
iii. To carryout antibiotic susceptibility tests
of the isolated organisms.
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