ABSTRACT
The Federal Government set aside a
day annually for STOP-TB-DAY The purpose of the day is to create awareness
about Tuberculoses (TB) and other issues surrounding it. These other issues
include the causes, diagnosis, treatment, impact of the disease condition
globally and efforts put in place by various bodies to tackle the menace.
Tuberculosis control is the
responsibility of all individuals, that is: TB patients, families’ health
workers, community members’ development partners, the media, government
agencies, non governmental organizations etc. Hence, this project was
developed. The aim of this project “Assessment of the level of awareness of
Tuberculosis in a workplace environment” is to support the National strategic
plan to control TB and support the implementation of the DOTS treatment program
aimed at the cure and eradication of tuberculosis.
During the course of the research
work, the following questions arose:
1.
To
what extent do the people (workers) know the disease called tuberculosis?
2.
To
what extent do the people (workers) know about the detection and transmission
of tuberculosis?
3.
To
what extent can tuberculosis affect other parts of the body?
4.
To
what extent are they knowledgeable about the new method of treatment known as
DOTS and Tuberculosis detection procedures.
5.
To
what extent are the people aware that cure can be complete and free?
6.
To
what extent are they aware of the relationship between
Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
and other factors that fuel Tuberculosis.
Data were generated through
questionnaires and interviews. Generated data were analyzed and presented in
form of tables and charts
A review of previous studies on
tuberculosis was carried out and compared with the findings in this project.
Findings show the need to create
awareness/enlightenment campaign on the reality of TB complete cure, free
treatment and provision of improved DOTS therapy for treatment.
In conclusion there is need for a
wide spread enlightenment campaign on Tuberculosis with emphasis on its
associated issues such as causes, diagnosis, free treatment, impact of disease
condition globally and efforts put in place by the various bodies to tackle the
menace.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
1.1.1 Global
and Regional Incidence
1.1.2 Statement
of the Research Problem
1.1.3 The
Research Questions
1.1.4 Objective
of the Study
1.1.5 Significance
of this Study
1.2 Literature
Review
1.2.1 History
1.2.2 Folklore
1.2.3 Tuberculosis
1.2.4 Symptom
1.2.5 Transmission
1.2.5 Diagnosis
1.2.6 Progression
1.2.7 Treatment
1.2.8 Prevention
1.2.9 Vaccines
1.2.10.Epidemiology
1.2.3 Review
of Previous programs/Studies
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Methodology
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Approaches
to the Research Design
2.2.1 Research Method
2.2.2 The population
2.2.3 Size of Sample
2.2.4 Sampling method
2.4.
Data
Gathering Methods
2.5.
Method
of Data Analysis
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Presentation
of Data
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Interpretation
of Finding
4.1 Meaning
of Findings
4.2 Relationship
between Findings and previous Studies.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Conclusion
5.1
Recommendation
References
Questionnaire
LIST OF
TABLES
Research Question 1: To what extent do the workers know the
disease called Tuberculosis?
Research Question 2: To what extent do they know the
transmission of the disease and the detection?
Research Question 3: To what extent can TB affect other
parts of the body apart from the lungs?
Research Question 4: To what extent are they knowledgeable
about new method of treatment known as DOTS treatment and the TB detection
procedures.
Research Question 5: To what extent are they aware that
treatment can be complete and free?
Research Question 6: To what extent are they aware of the
relationship between HIV/AIDS and TB and factor that fuel TB.
LIST OF DIAGRAM/FIGURES
Figure 1: World
TB incidence 8
Figure 2: Scanning
electron micrograph of
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 9
Figure 3: Tuberculosis
spread by aerosols created by
Coughing
or sneezing. 10
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Tuberculosis is a serious public
health problem which should be everyone’s concern. Tuberculosis has been found
to be on the increase in Nigeria. There is evidence that delays in diagnosis
and commencement of treatment worsen the risk of complications, death and
enhances TB transmission. Lack of information delays treatment and care. HIV is
said to fuel the emergence of TB development. Other predisposing factors that
have been linked with TB include poverty, overcrowding, cigarette smoking,
malnutrition and other condition that may suppress individual’s immunity. Hence
the need for a wide spread awareness creation about the disease stressing that
TB is curable and treatment is free.
The World Health Organization is
committed to providing technical support to the National Tuberculosis control
programme in order to ensure progress towards the achievement of global
targets.
Over one third of the world populace
is exposed to the TB bacterium and someone in the world is merely infected with
TB bacilli every second. 5-10% of people who are infected with TB bacilli (but
not infected with HIV) become sick or infectious at some time during their
life. People with HIV and TB infections are much more likely to develop TB. Not
everyone infected develops the full blown disease (asymptomatic). Latent TB
infection is most common. However one in ten latent infections will progress to
active TB disease which if left untreated, kills more than half its victims.
1.1.1 Global
and Regional Incidence
The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimate that the largest number of new TB cases in 2005 occurred in South East
Asia Region and it accounts for 34% of incident cases. In 2004, WHO reported
that in the developing countries, mortality and morbidity statistics included
14.5 million chronic active TB cases, 8.9 million new cases and 1.6 million
deaths. In 2005 the highest number of death and mortality per capital resulted
from TB in African Region.
The TB epidemic in Africa is very
high. In Nigeria, HIV prevalence rate is at 4.4 percent, meaning an average of
5.6 million people are infected living with the virus, Nigeria is now at the
verge of a looming epidemic of tuberculosis.
The Director General of Nigeria
Institute of Medical research, Dr. Oni Idigbe recently said “Nigeria is
now at the threshold of tuberculosis epidemic, ranked one with highest cases of
TB cases in Africa and growth in the world”.
The fear is the multiplier effect of
TB infections cannot be over emphasized, because one case has the potential of
giving birth to 120 cases per annum making everybody vulnerable. Breathing in
air within the same vicinity exposed to TB bacteria could lead to transmission.
In August 2005 in Maputo, the World
Health organization (WHO) Regional Committee for Africa comprising Health
Ministers from 46 member states declared Tuberculosis an emergency in the
African Region. The declaration made in resolution, urges member states in African
Region to commit more human and financial resources to strengthen DOTS
programmes and scale up collaborative interventions to fight the co-epidemic of
TB and HIV.
Globally, TB is second only to
HIV/AIDS as a cause of illness and death of adults accounting for nearly nine
million cases of active disease and two million deaths every year. Africa
accounts today for more than a quarter of this global burden with an estimated
2.4. Million TB cases and 540,000 TB deaths annually.
1.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
In the late 1970s and early 1980’s,
African countries like Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi were among the first to
apply what became known as the global TB control strategy now known as
DOTS for its TB control.
However, in the past 15 years, global
TB control soared in the region due to link with HIV/AIDS, poverty and weak
health systems. Although countries like Nigeria have made efforts to treat the
rising tide of TB cases, the country is still being outpaced by the epidemic.
Recognizing the TB problems as hug, and that it can be effectively treated and
cured, the disease is yet to be brought under control. Medical authorities
cannot over connect alone; they need help and there is need for an aggressive
campaign for the awareness and enlightenment on the disease and the associated
issues that include the causes, diagnosis, treatment, impact of disease
condition globally and efforts put in place by various bodies to tackle the
menace.
The specific action called for by the
committee is:
i.
Improvement
of quality of staff involved in TB control
ii. Rapidly
improve TB case detection and treatment success rates with expanded DOTS
coverage at National and district levels.
iii.
Scale
up interventions to manage TB and HIV together including increased access to
anti-retroviral therapy for TB patients who are infected with HIV.
iv. Expand
national TB partnerships, public private collaboration and community
participation in TB control activities.
1.1.3 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In view of the above problem, the
need to improve awareness of TB as a disease and other issues surrounding it is
of great importance. Hence the need to assess the level of awareness of the
various efforts.
To resolve the above problems
following questions arose:
1)
To
what extend do the workers know the disease called tuberculosis?
2) To
what extent do the workers know about the detection and transmission of tuberculosis?
3) To
what extent can tuberculosis affect other parts of the body?
4)
To
what extent do they know or knowledgeable about the new method treatment known
as DOTS and Tuberculosis detection procedures.
5) To
what extent are the people aware that cure can be complete and free?
6) To
what extent are they aware of the relationship between Tuberculosis and HIV and
other factors that fuel Tuberculosis?
1.1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are:
§ To assess the level of awareness of
the disease called tuberculosis.
§ Highlight the danger of being
infected by the deadly disease called tuberculosis.
§ Highlight the danger of being
infected by the deadly disease called tuberculosis.
§ Highlight that TB is curable and
early detection is very important
§ Highlight the importance of treatment
of TB infected HIV persons.
§ To highlight the importance of
updating, acquiring knowledge about recent developments in the prevention and
elimination of tuberculosis as a disease.
§ Create awareness on the importance of
prevention of TB disease.
1.1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY
The significance of this study is to:-
1.
Improve
the health of the Nigerian populace and it workforce.
2.
Enhance
and improve awareness of the danger of living with the TB disease
3.
Improve
productivity and safe guard health of personnel in a work place.
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