ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial properties of coconut oil was investigated, and it showed the susceptibility pattern of some clinically important microorganisms. The zone diameter of inhibition showed that at 100% concentration S.aureus had 11.2mm and 8.5mm at 50% concentration. E.coli had the least diameter zone of inhibition against coconut oil, with a 9.0mm zone at 100% concentration and 7.0mm at 50% concentration. The antibiotics used (Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin) as controls showed 28.5mm zone against S.aureus and 15.0mm zone of inhibition against E.coli respectively. Candida albicans also showed an 18.5mm zone of inhibition at 100% concentration and 14.0mm zone of inhibition at 50% concentration, while Fluconazole showed 19.5mm zone of inhibition against candida albicans. Coconut oil had significant effect on the tested organisms when compared to the standardized antibiotics and antifungal used as controls. Therefore, the use of coconut oil should be encouraged in the treatment of diseases caused by these common pathogens.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table
of contents
v
List
of Tables
viii
Abstract
ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.3
Aim and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Literature review 4
2.1
History and Origin of coconut
4
2.2
Coconut oil composition
4
2.3
Coconut palm
5
2.4
Types of coconut
6
2.5
Coconut fruit
6
2.6
Coconut seed 7
2.7
Coconut Water
7
2.8
Coconut milk
8
2.9
Therapeutic Features of Coconut Oil
9
2.10
Health Benefits of Coconut Oil
10
2.11
Nutrition and Fat Composition
11
2.12
Industrial Uses of Coconut oil
11
2.13
General Uses of Coconut Oil
12
2.14
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance
13
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0
Materials and Method
14
3.1
Sample Collection
14
3.1.1
Coconut Oil Extraction
14
3.2
Media Preparation
15
3.3
Test Microorganisms
16
3.4
Preparation of Inoculums
16
3.5
Identification of Microbial Isolates
16
3.5.1
Gram staining
16
3.5.2
Motility Test 17
3.5.3
Biochemical Test
17
3.6
Germ Tube Test for Candida albicans
21
3.7
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing 22
3.7.1
Assay of Antimicrobial Activity 23
3.7.2
Assay of Antifungal Activity 24
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0
Results
25
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
29
5.1
Discussion
29
5.2
Conclusion 30
5.4
Recommendation 30
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Title
page
The approximate concentration of
fatty acids in coconut oil 5
Total percentage yield of coconut
oil 25
The antimicrobial activities of
coconut oil measured as diameter zones of inhibition in mm 26
Antimicrobial sensitivity assay of
coconut oil on the fungal isolate 27
Biochemical test and identification
of E.coli and S. aureus 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The coconut
tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family),
subfamily Arecoideae and the only specie
of the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the whole coconut palm
or the seed, or the fruit, which botanically, is a drupe, not a nut. Coconut
are part of daily diet of many people and they are different from other fruits
because they contain some water and can be used as seed nuts or processed to
give oil from kernel, charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous
husk. The oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. The clean liquid
coconut water within is a refreshing drink. The husk and leaves can be used as
materials as make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It also
has cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.
Chemically,
coconut oil is a mixture of triglycerides (compounds made of glycerol and fatty
acids) with carbon chains of eight to eighteen atoms. Over 90% of the fatty
acids in coconut oil are saturated which means that they cannot oxidize and
become rancid. Approximately 60% of the coconut oil consists of medium chain
triglycerides (MCT’S) with fatty acids of 6-12 carbon atoms. The only
unsaturated fatty acids in coconut oil are Oleic acid which comprises only 6%
of the total fatty acid.
The health
claims of coconut oil are based on the properties of some of the fatty acids
components. Medium chain Triglycerides (MCTS) are absorbed directly from the
gastrointestinal system and the consumption of MCTS has been shown to increase
energy expenditure and lead to greater losses of the adipose tissue in animal
and humans Lauric acid found in coconut is also found in human milk (6.2% of
total fat) and it has antimicrobial and antiviral activity. (Hornung et
al,. 1994).
The primary
fatty acid of coconut oil is lauric acid, which is present in approximately
45-53%. The metabolic and physiological properties of lauric acid account for
many of the antimicrobial properties of coconut oil. Studies have shown that
the majority of ingested lauric acid is transported directly to the liver where
it is directly converted to energy and other metabolite rather than been stored
as fat. Today coconut oil is been used as a source of lauric acid and
monolaurin which are antimicrobial agent used in many commercial products
(Fabian, 2015).
Coconut are
known for their versatility ranging from food to cosmetics. They form regular
part of the diet of many people in the tropics and subtropics. Coconut are
distinct from other fruits of their endosperm containing a large quality of
water (also called ‘’milk’’), and when immature, may be harvested for the
portable coconut water. When mature,
they can be used as seed nuts or processed for oil, charcoal from hard shell,
and coir from the fibrous husk. When dried, the coconut flesh is called copra.
The oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking and frying, as
well as in soaps and cosmetics. As a traditional medicine in northern Brazil,
coconut husks have been used for the treatment of diarrhea and arthritis.
Antimicrobial activity of the water extracts of coconut husks has already been
demonstrated. (Esquenzi et al 2002).
The main
bioactive constituents in coconut are fixed oil rich in tocophenol, fatty
alcohol, triterphene alcohol, sterol and gum. The oil is very useful in modern
medicine, owing to its antimicrobial properties against disease causing
pathogens such as Candida, Ogbolu et al., (2007) Trichophyton Garg and Muller., (1992) which is a fungus that causes
tinea fungal infection like ringworm, athletes foot and jock itch. However, its
antimicrobial abilities also extend to bacterial infections.
1.1
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of
this work is to examine the antimicrobial effect of coconut oil on some
microbial pathogens. The objectives are;
1. To extract coconut oil from coconut
Mesocarp.
2. To determine the antimicrobial
activities of coconut oil on some test microorganisms.
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