ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN AGAINST BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM WOUND

ABSTRACT

This project studied the antimicrobial activity of Spondias mombin plant against bacterial isolates from wounds.  Water and ethanol extracts of leaf and bark of the plant was used against the wound isolates at in-vitro level by spread plate disc diffusion techniques. Results obtained showed four bacterial species including Candida species  from the wounds with the following occurrence Staphylococcus (88.9%), Streptococcus (77.8%), Pseudomonas (55.6%), E.coli (44.4%) and Candida (33.3%).  Phytochemical analysis of the plant parts showed the presence of different phytochemicals in the different extracts. The water extract showed the content of alkaloid (0.18%), phenol (0.08%), flavonoids (0.27%), saponins (0.54%), tannin 0.46% and HCN 9.27 mg/kg in the leaf while the corresponding values in the aqueous solution of the bark was 0.12%, 0.33%, 0.26%, 0.40%, 0.22%  and 7.18mg/kg. Ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark had alkaloid 0.36% and 0.24%, flavonoids 0.27% and 0.33%, saponins 0.34% and 0.24%, tannin 0.37% and 0.18%, phenol 0.56% and 0.52% respectively. The antibacterial activity test shows that the extract inhibited the wound isolates to different levels. Against the test isolates, the water extract of the leaf caused inhibition zones of 7.33mm to 14.67mm while that of the bark was 6.33mm to 13.67mm.  Ethanol extract inhibitions were 13.    33 to 20.33mm (leaf) and 10.33mm to 20.00mm (bark). It was recorded that the ethanol extracts were more potent than the water extracts and the leaf extracts  were more potent than the bark extracts.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Certification.                                                                                                              ii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                      iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                       v         

List of Tables                                                                                                              viiii

Abstract                                                                                                                      ix       

CHAPTER ONE:   INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study                                                                                       1

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Drug plants                                                                                                     3

2.2       Drug classification                                                                                         3

2.3       Phytomedicine                                                                                                            4

2.3.1    Historical perspective of Phytomedicine                                                       4

2.3.2    Challenges facing phytomedicine                                                                  5

2.3.3    Phytochemicals                                                                                              6

2.4       Alkaloids                                                                                                        6

2.4.1    Flavonoid                                                                                                        7

2.4.2    Saponin                                                                                                           8

2.4.3    Tannins                                                                                                           8

2.4.4    Phenols                                                                                                           8

2.5       Ethnobotany and pharmacology of plant sample                                           9

2.6       Test organism                                                                                                 9

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experiement sites and source of materials                                                           12

3.2 Sample and media preparation                                                                             12

3.2.1 Sample preparation                                                                                            12

3.2.2 Media preparation                                                                                             12

3.3 Isolation of bacteria from wound                                                                         13

3.4 Preparation of crude extracts from S. Mombin                                                    14

3.5 Tests for Antimicrobial Activity  (In vitro )                                                         14

3.6 Quanlitative phytochemical screening                                                                 15

3.6.1 Test for Tannin                                                                                                  16

3.6.2 Test for Saponins                                                                                               16

3.6.3 test for Flavonoids                                                                                             16

3.6.4 Test for Alkaloids                                                                                              17

3.6.5 Test for Phenols                                                                                                 17

3.6.6 Test for cyanogenic glycoside (HCN)                                                               17

3.7 Quantitative determination of phytochemicals                                                     18

3.7.1 Determination of Alkaloids                                                                               18

3.7.2 Determination of Flavonoids     `                                                                       19

3.7.3 Determination of Tannins                                                                                  19

3.7.4 Determination of Saponin                                                                                 20

3.7.5 Determination of phenols                                                                                  22

3.7.6 Determination of cyanogenic Glycoside (HCN)                                               22

3.7.7 Determination of Oxalate                                                                                  23

3.7.8  Determination of phylate                                                                                  24

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results                                                                                                                  25

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION CONTRIBUTION

 TO KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER

STUDIES

5.1  Discussion                                                                                                            30

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                            32

5.4 Recommendations for further studies                                                                   33

Reference

Appendix       

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                                                   page

1       Occurance of bacterial isolates in title wound samples                                     25

2      Preliminary phytochemical screening                                                                26

3   Phytochemical composition of aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaf and

      bark of  spondias mombin plant.                                                                          28

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

            1.1           Background of the Study

           Plants have been used from ancient times to attempt scores of diseases and to relieve physical suffering. Herbalism ( Herbology or herbal medicines) which is the use of plants for medicinal purposes and the study of such use have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today(Vickers., 2007). Oftentimes these primitive attempts at medicine were used based on superstition and speculation. Evil spirits in the body through the use of poisonous or disagreeable plant substances that rendered the body a disagreeable habitat (Green, 2000). Modern medicines recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts (Elvin-Lewis, 2001).

Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of medicinal plants dates at least to the Paleolithic, approximately 60,000 years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians that created list of plants. The documentation of herbs and their uses was a central part of both western and eastern medical scholarships through to the 1600s and these works played an important role in the development of the science of botany (Edgar et al., 2002) toady, it has been developed as a separate industry as many people favour herbal medicine over synthetic medicine. Currently about 80% of the world population depends on plant-derived medicine for the first time of primary health care for human alleviation because it has low side effects.  Several regulatory models for herbal medicines are currently available including prescription drugs, over-the-counter substances, traditional medicines and dietary supplements (Mukeshwar et al., 2011).

Instead of using the plants as they are harvested in the wild, they can be enhanced in the trend in the domestication, and genetic improvements. This will help in the possibility of obtaining uniform and high quality raw materials which are fundamental to the efficacy and safety of herbal drugs (Calixto, 2000).

The plants used for this research work include the leaf of Spondias mombin. They were used based on reports of their use in traditional medicines for treatment of some diseases, hence suggesting antimicrobial activity.

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