ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF BACTERIA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM THE RHIZOPHERE OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE)

ABSTRACT

The project studied the antifungal effects of bacteria species isolated from the Rhizosphere of ginger plant. Seven species of bacteria were isolated from five rhizospheric soils of ginger plants with varying levels of occurrence including a species of Bacillus (100%), Pseudomonas sp (100%), Staphylococcus sp (100%), Proteus (60%), Actinomyces (100%), Escherichia coli (20%) and lactobacillus (40%). Antifungal activity was tested on five chosen fungal species which included Aspergillus sp, Penicilliltm sp, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp and Yeast sp. The results obtained revealed that three microbial isolates, Bacillus sp, Actinomyces and Pseudomonas were active against the fungi but to varying extents. Bacillus showed the highest antifungal potency with inhibition zones diameters that ranged from 13.67mm to 22.67mm while Pseudomonas had the least (1.67mm to 17.67mm). The inhibition of Actinomyces was in the range of 14.33mm to 17.33mm. However, the activities of the bacteria isolates against the fungi were lower than that of commercial antifungal agent, mancozade. Notwithstanding, the bacteria isolates showed high relative potencies when compared with the standard antifungal drug. The relative potency of Bacillus isolate was between 64.09% to 88.31% that of Pseudomonas was in the range of 54.71% to 61.04% while that of the Actinomyces was in the range of 55.82 to 73.47%. There were significant variation in the antifungal effect of the ginger rhizospheric bacterial isolates on the test fungi. Therefore some bacteria species were isolated from the rhizosphere of ginger that have antifungal tendencies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S/N      Titles                                                                       Page

Title Page                                                                                        i

Certification                                                                                      ii

Dedication                                                                                      iii

Acknowledgements                                                                       iv

Table of Contents                                                                          v

List of Tables                                                                                   vii

Abstract                                                                                            viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTON                                                                1

1.1                                          Introduction                                                                  1

1.2                                          Aims                                                                     3

1.3                                          Objectives                                                                3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                             4

2.1                                          Rhizosphere Plant                                                        4

2.2                                          Beneficial Micro Organism in Plant Rhizosphere         5

2.3                                          Bacteria Association with Rhizosphere                         6

2.4                                          Microbial Ecology of Rhizosphere                              7

2.5                                          Control of Fungi Pathogen                                           8

2.6                                          Microorganism Found in the Rhizosphere of Ginger    8

2.7                                          Ginger As An Antioxidant                                           9

2.7.1                                       Antioxidant Studies of Ginger Extracts                       9

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS                               10

3.1                                          Materials                                                                      10

3.1.1                                       Sources of Materials                                                     10

3.2                                          Methods                                                                    10

3.2.1                                     Sample and Media Preparation                                    10

3.2.2                                   Media Preparation                                                    10

3.2.3                                   Preparation of Soil Sample                                        11 3-3                                     Isolation of Rliizospheric Bacteria                              12 3-3.1     ,                             Characterization of bacteria isolates                            12

3.3.2     Colony features (morphology)                                   12

3.3.3                                     Microscopic characteristics                                         12

3.3.4                                     Biochemical characteristics                                         13

3.3.5                                     Carbohydrate (sugar) utility tests                                 13 3.4                                         Identification of bacteria isolates                                13

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0                                      RESULTS                                         14

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION                                             21

5.1                                          Discussion                                                               21

5.2                                        Conclusion                                                            23

5.3                                        Recommendation                                                   23

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Tables

1:         Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Test Isolate

17

2:         Occurrence of Bacteria Isolates the Rhizospheric Soil of Ginger Plant       18

3:         Antifungal Activity of Rhizobacteria Isolates of ginger Plants

19

4;       Relative Potency of Rhizobacteria of ginger against Standard Fungicide

(Mancozade)                                                                                    20

VII

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTON

1.1       THE HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF GINGER

Ginger, botanically known as Zingiber officinale Roscoe, belongs to the Zmgiberaccac family, which encompasses 47 genera and 1400 species, including turmeric (Curcuma longa) and cardamom (two main genera, Elettariaand Amonnim.) The genus, Zingiber, contains 150 species; however, the only species extensively used for flavoring is Z.officinal. It is grown from April to December at an optimal elevation between 300 and 900m, requiring a warm, humid climate while preferring light shade.

Ginger has been cultivated in southern Asian countries for over 3000 years and its discovery and value as a spice and medicinal plant has been well documented. Ginger has been mentioned in several places throughout history: “Round amongst them (the righteous in paradise) is passed vessels of silver and goblets made of glass... a cup, the admixture of which is ginger” (Koran 76: 15-17). One of the earliest references made was by Rabbi Benjamin Tudella from his travels between 1 159 and 1173 A.D. who described the cultivation and trade of spices coming from the ancient port of Quilon, in the State of Kerala. The most significant event that changed the history of the spice trade was the landing of Vasco da Gama in 1498 on the west coast of India, Malabar Coast (Kerala), Additional documentation dating back to 1298 A.D. was found in Marco Polo's travelogue stating that since its discovery. India has been the largest producing country of ginger. Together, two of the states within the country, Kerala and Meghalaya, make up 30 to 40% of the world's total ginger production. The second largest ginger producer is Nigeria, followed by several other producers and exporters dispersed throughout the world: China, Jamaica, Taiwan, Sierra Leone, Fiji, Mauritius, Indonesia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ghana, Japan, Malaysia, Bangladesh,  Philippines, Sri Lanka, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Hawaii, Guatemala and many Pacific Ocean Islands. Huge annual losses of crops and farm produces are recorded due to pests and diseases and this make it imperative for concerted efforts towards the control of such. Many different approaches are taken in the attach on plants, pathogen including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pest etc. while the use of synthetic pesticides is wide spread, there are reports on the negative side effect of the synthetic pesticides used disease control programmes. This has elucidated growing interests and awareness on the need for integrated pest management tactics and strategies which provide environmentally friendly and economically acceptable alternative for agriculture.

Verselora, et al., (2008) observed that there are several characteristics of microorganism which makes them useful in disease and suppression, including production of siderophores, hydrogen cyanide and antibiotics. Also some prerequisite for optimal performance of biocontrol agents including production of antifungal metabolites, induction of the systematic resistance and ability to constipate efficiently with resident rhizobacteria, have been listed. The potentiality of using strains of beneficial bacteria for biocontrol of soil borne fungal pathogens has been demonstrated in many crops. Again reported successful use of rhizospheric pseudomanas to control several sweet potato fungi pathogen, in the works of two potent bacteria, micrococcus and staphylocuccus epidermics demonstrated activity against many other microorganism. The result concluded that the rhizopheric bacteria crude extract were found to active against all tested pathogenic strain. There recorded fact seems to suggest very strongly, that produce bacteria metabolite be used in the management of microbial infections of crops.

Although many different microorganisms can be used as biocontrol agents, there are important evidence in the soil borne bacteria in their roles as suppressors and inhibitors of pathogens.

Against this preceding information, this project was designed to study the antifungal effects of some bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of ginger plants, on some common plant fungal pathogens.

1.2     AIMS

The aim of this project work is to evaluate the antifungal effect of bacteria isolates from the rhizospheric soil of ginger plants.

1.3       OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this include the following:

·  To isolate bacteria from the rhizospheric soil of ginger plants

·       To characterized and identify the bacteria isolated from the rhizospheric soil of ginger

·       To test for antifungal activity of bacteria isolated against some selected fungi specie especially those histories of pathogenicity against crops

·       To compare the performance of the different bacteria isolated against the test fungi specie.

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