ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DOOR HANDLES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLES

ABSTRACT

The handles of car doors are one of the most important environmental places for microbial infection and disease transmission through a direct contact on a daily basis. The aim of this study is to isolate bacteria from door handles, identify the isolated bacteria and carry out antibiotics sensitivity test on the isolated organisms.a total number of twenty(20)bacterial genera were isolated from door handle of public transport vehicles in Umuahia, Abia state of which four(4) different species were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, bacillus spp, Escherichia coli and salmonella spp. The percentage occurrence of the bacterial isolates indicated that the Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage occurrence of 40% while the least percentage occurrence of 15% was recorded for Escherichia coli. The antibiotic sensitivity test shows that Bacillus spp had the highest sensitivity of 22mm with ciprofloxacin while the sensitivity of 0mm was recorded for augmentin and ofloxacin respectively.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                ii

Certification                                                                                                                            iii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of tables                                                                                                                           vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Background of the Study                                                                                            1

1.2       Aims and Objectives                                                                                                   3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0           Literature Review                                                                                                       4

2.1       Other organisms associated with public door handles                                               8

2.2       Possible ways of transmitting microorganisms to public contact surfaces                       9

2.3       Possible diseases that can be contacted from door handles                                       11

2.3.1    Common cold                                                                                                             11

2.3.2    Meningitis                                                                                                                   11

2.3.3    Swine flu                                                                                                                     11

2.3.4    Calicivirus                                                                                                                  12

2.4       External Factors Influencing Bacterial Colonization of Door Handles                       12

2.4.1    Material                                                                                                                      12

2.4.2    Temperature                                                                                                               13

2.4.3    Location                                                                                                                     13

2.4.4    Knobs and handles                                                                                                     13

2.5       Control Measures for Bacterial Contamination Of Door Handles                                    14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and methods                                                                                                16

3.1       Source of samples                                                                                                      16

3.2       Sample collection                                                                                                       16

3.3       Media preparation                                                                                                     16

3.3.1    Preparation of MacConkey Agar                                                                                17

3.3.2    Preparation of Mannitol Salt Agar                                                                             17

3.3.3    Preparation of Nutrient Agar                                                                                      17

3.3.4    Preparation of Salmonella-Shigella Agar                                                                   17

3.4        Samples processing                               +                                                                      17

3.5       Identification of isolates                                                                                                 18

3.6       Gram staining                                                                                                             18

3.7       Biochemical tests                                                                                                       19

3.7.1    Catalase test                                                                                                                19

3.7.2    Coagulase test                                                                                                             19

3.7.3    Indole test                                                                                                                   19

3.7.4    Citrate ultilization test                                                                                                20

3.7.5    Urease test                                                                                                                  20

3.7.6    Hydrogen sulphide production test                                                                            20

3.7.7    Motility test                                                                                                                21

3.8       Antibiotic susceptibility test                                                                                       21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        22

4.1       Identification of bacteria isolated from the samples                                                  22

4.2       The antibiogram of the isolated bacteria                                                                    22

4.3       Percentage occurrence of the bacterial isolates                                                          22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, conclusion and recommendation                                                            26

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                  26

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  27

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      27

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Transportation is vital to every human community. One means of transportation in most parts of the world are the buses. As part of living in society, many common spaces are shared with other people, this makes it possible to diverse microorganisms that can lead to infections.  People who use public transport can pass bacteriological, virological or fungal infections to other people (Rusin et al.2002). The greatest risk for infectious diseases in these vehicles is that people sit close together in a closed environment and breathe the same air (Edelson and Phypers, 2011) these vehicles can become a significant source of microorganisms when passengers do not close their mouths when coughing and sneezing. Handles, seats, anchors, floors and windows are areas that can host infectious microorganisms.

Environmental surfaces act as a reservoir for bacterial, fungal and viral proliferation. These organisms can be expelled from an infected or colonized patient through direct contact, aerosol droplet, faeces, or vomit. The major source and spread of community acquired infections are fomites. The role of fomites in the transmission of infection has been debated for many years, however, there increasing evidence that contaminated inanimate surfaces and especially those frequently touched by hand can contribute to the spread of health-care associated pathogens. One common way by which organisms that are not resident in the hand are picked up is by contact with surfaces such as tabletops, automobile door handles, toilet handles and taps in the restrooms. Microbes carried on human skin are of two types, the resident and transient. The dominant resident microbes are human hands usually harbour microorganisms both as part of body normal flora as well as transient microbes contacted from the environment. Pathogens that may be present on the hand as transient type include Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Clostridium perfringens, Giardia lamblia, Norwalk virus and Hepatitis A virus. Since human hands usually harbour microorganisms both as residents and transients, it is conceivable that the transfer of pathogens could occur between people who access the same area or surfaces. The chance that other persons will acquire these organisms is dependent on how long the organisms can survive in the environment or surfaces.

Many reports have demonstrated the important role played by the hospital environment on the development of nosocomial infections (NI’s) among both sick patients and healthy people. Doors have large traffic users, who throng in with their own microbial flora and other organisms they have picked elsewhere and deposit them on door handles while going in and out. Inanimate environmental surfaces such as door handles of commercial buses can become directly contaminated with microorganisms after frequent exposure to health-care givers, patients, civilians with high microbial load brought about by covering the mouth while sneezing, coughing, yawning etc. The human skin is constantly in contact with environmental microorganisms and become readily colonized by certain microbial species. The adult human skin supports about1012 cfu/ml bacteria (Mackowiak, 1982).

The normal microbiota of the skin include among others, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, diptheroides, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus (various species), Bacillus spp, Mallassessia furfur, Candida spp and occasionally, Mycobacterium spp are found on the skin (Roth and Jenner, 1998). However,this normal microbiota can produce disease condition if introduced into foreign locations or compromised hosts (Ekrakene and Igekele, 2007).For this reason, detailed handle cleaning of public transportation vehicles which thousands of people use every day is an important issue. In Umuahia, public transport services are mainly run by touts and civilians in the title of commercial bus drivers.

1.2       Aims and objectives

AIM;

The aim of this study is to determine the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from door handles and public transport vehicles in Umuahia, Abia state.

OBJECTIVES;

i.               To isolate microorganisms from door handles of public transport vehicles in Umuahia

ii.              To identify the isolated organisms from door handles of  public transport vehicles in Umuahia

iii.            To carry out antibiotic sensitivity test on the isolated organisms fromdoor handles of public transport vehicles.

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