ACCEPTABILITY OF INDIGENOUS DYES (CURRY, RO-SELLE AND BITTER LEAF) ON COTTON FABRIC IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study examined the acceptability of indigenous dyes on cotton fabrics in Colleges of Education in South-East Nigeria. Specifically, the study extracted dyes from Curry leaf, (Murray akoenigiispreng), Roselle calyces (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) and Bitter leaf (Vernoniaamygdlina) plants. The extracted dyes were applied to cotton fabric. The colour fastness to washing and acceptability indexes of the dyes on the cotton fabric was tested. Six research questions and six null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted experimental research design. The population for the study was 83 Home Economics Lecturers from the Colleges of Education in the study area. Data were collected using fastness test rating scale (FTRS) and Acceptability Evaluation Questionnaire (AEQ). The instruments were face-validated by 5 experts and the internal consistency of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha which yielded the reliability coefficient of 0.98. Boiling, steeping and acetone organic solvent extraction techniques were used to extract dyes from plants which were applied to the cotton fabric. Fabrics were pre-mordanted with Aluminum sulfate (alum). ANOVA was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant. The result of data analysis showed that: Mordanted cotton fabric dyed with dyes extracted from curry, roselle and bitter leaf using boiling, steeping and acetone organic extraction had morderate fastness to washing, low fastness to washing and moderate fastness to washing respectively. The study also revealed that, Alum mordanted Cotton fabric samples dyed with curry and bitter leaf exhibited high wash fastness indexes while Roselle mordanted cotton fabric changed the colour from maroon to dirty blue-black colour. Alum as a mordant improves the colour fastness to washing of cotton fabric samples dyed with Curry leaves and Bitter leaf but gives dirty blue-black with Roselle dye. One of the findings implies that if this dye extraction is used in schools, teaching and learning will not only be more relevant, concrete and effective but will equip students to acquire or possess skill to excel as researchers or scientists. Again dyes may be more readily available and affordable for teaching and learning of Clothing and Textiles Education beginning from primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Recommendations were made to include: Workshops, seminars and conferences should be organized for serving clothing and textiles /Home Economics lecturers in Colleges of Education to improve their knowledge on the extraction and use of indigenous plants in dying cloths which have been found in this study to be very effective in dyeing cloths. Also Teacher Educators charged with the responsibility of training NCE teachers in Home Economics (clothing and textiles) should encourage their students to explore and utilize the plants in their environment including Curry, Roselle and Bitter leaf plants through classroom experiment and finally Home makers and Artisans or individuals who practice fabric dying of any sort should be educated by Home Economics lecturers and teachers through workshops, seminars, conferences, church and community meetings on the need to explore the plants in their communities or even their home backyard gardens including Curry, Roselle and dyes using the processes and procedures in the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                 PAGE

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                              ii

Certification                                                                                                                            iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                                           1         

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           7

1.3       Purpose of the Study                                                                                                  8

1.4       Research Questions                                                                                                     9

1.5       Hypotheses                                                                                                                 10

1.6       Significance of the Study                                                                                           11

1.7       Scope of the Study                                                                                                     13

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1       Conceptual Framework                                                                                               14       

2.1.1    Dyes, origin and source                                                                                              14       

2.1.2    Natural dyes,its importance and classification                                                           16       

2.1.4    Dryingtechniques                                                                                                        36

2.1.5    Mordanting                                                                                                                 33

2.1.6    Principles of natural dyeing                                                                                        44

2.1.7    Fabric, fabric colourant and colour fastness of natural dyes                                      46

2.1.8    Measurement of mordantsand dye Stuffs                                                                  52

2.1.9    Botanical information on curry, roselle and bitter leaf                                               54

2.1.10  Evaluation of the attributes of dyes and dyed fabrics                                               57

2.2.      Theoretical Framework                                                                                               60

2.2.1    Theory of skill acquisition                                                                                           60

2.2.2    Theory of colour                                                                                                         62

2.2.3    Theory of dyeing                                                                                                        63

2.2.4    Theory of cellulosic dyeing                                                                                         64

2.3       Empirical Studies                                                                                                        65       

2.4       Summary of Review of Related Literature                                                                72       

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1       Design of the Study                                                                                                    74

3.2       Area of the Study                                                                                                       74

3.3       Population of the Study                                                                                              75       

3.4       Sample and Sampling Technique                                                                                76

3.5       Instrument for Data Collection                                                                                   76       

3.6       Validation of the Instrument                                                                                      77       

3.7       Reliability of the Instrument                                                                                       77

3.8       Method of Data Collection                                                                                         78       

3.9       Method of Data Analysis                                                                                           83       

CHAPTER 4:  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1       Major Findings                                                                                                            100

4.2       Discussion of Findings                                                                                               104

CHAPTER 5 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Summary                                                                                                                     109     

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  109

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      110

5.4       Educational Implication of the Findings of the Study                                               111

5.5       Suggestion for further Studies                                                                                    112

References                                                                                                                       Appendices                                                                                                                             

LIST OF TABLES

2.1:                  Sources of plant dyes                                                                                      16

3.1:                  Real limit of numbers of fastness test to washing evaluation                         83

3.2:                  Real limit of numbers of acceptability evaluation                                          84

4.1:                  Mean responses of colour fastness to washing properties of

alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling extraction techniques and

conventional dye on cotton fabrics.                                                                84

4.2:                  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of cotton fabric dyed with curry,

roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling                                             87

4.3:                  Mean responses of colour fastness to washing properties of

alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping extraction techniques and

conventional dye on cotton fabrics.                                                                88

4.4:                  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of cotton fabric dyed with curry,

roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling                                             89

4.5:                  Mean responses of colour fastness to washing properties of

alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent extraction

techniques and conventional dye on cotton fabrics.                                       90       

4.6:                  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of mordanted (alum) cotton

fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by

boiling and conventional dyed cotton fabric                                                  91

4.7:                  Mean responses on acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling on cotton fabric mordanted

with aluminum sulfate (alum) and conventional dye (vat dye).                     92

4.8:                  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of mordanted (with alum)

cotton fabric dyed with curry leave, roselle and bitter leave dyes

extracted by boiling and conventional dye.                                                    94

4.9:                  Mean responses on acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping on cotton fabric mordanted

with aluminum sulfate (alum) and conventional dye (vat dye).                     95

4.10:                Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of mordanted (with alum)

cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by

boiling and conventional dye.                                                                         96

4.11:                Mean responses on acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and

bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent on cotton

fabric mordanted with aluminum sulfate (alum) and conventional

dye (vat dye).                                                                                                  98

4.12:                Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of mordanted (with alum) cotton

fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by

boiling and conventional dye                                                                          100

                                                       CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Skill acquisition is the gradual process by which individual acquires new knowledege. It is also the ability development and formation of habit of competency in performing an operation. Skill acquisition is a process through which a trainee is exposed to the procedures of performing a task which he learns through practice. Skill acquisition can not be accomplished without attaining proper Education. This is in line with NPE, (2013), which states that skill acquisition has been the focus of Vocational Education in Nigeria. Home Economics is designed to train individuals in the acquisition of skills in Clothing and Textiles. Clothing and textiles is a skill oriented course that can help people to discover or rediscover, define or redefine their talent irrespective of sex and also help them with saleable skills that will help them to become self-reliance (Ogbu, 2006). The philosophy of Home Economics Education borders on the improvement of life of the people by equipping them with necessary skills for productive life.The Philosophy focuseson effective management of resources for meeting goals. Identifies and classifies the roles, aspiration and abilities of each family member as well as determines strategies toward achieving them.Equips individuals for entrepreneurship (National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE, 2012).

Colleges of Education are Tertiary institution under the control of the NCCE. At Colleges of Education Home Economics is designed at producing Home Economics teachers with a sound basic for professional growth and personal development in Home Economics. While, NPE, (2013) at this level states among others that Colleges of Education graduates should acquire skills that will help them become self-reliant and useful to themselves and the society at large. Therefore, Home Economics lecturers were used for the population of the study since they are the people to impact this sound basic to the students or to carry out the objectives of NPE on students at Colleges of Education which are to be self-reliant. However, for students to be useful to him/herself and the society upon graduation. Clothing and Textiles has a role to play.

Clothing and Textiles Education is a Vocational course that equips students with relevant knowledge and skills needed in Clothing and Textiles programme (Obunadike, 2010). This Clothing component deals with the ability, skills and attitude required to create and construct garment while the textile aspect is concerned with the knowledge of different fibres, fabrics, principles of clothing selection and maintenance. Clothing and Textiles as a skill- oriented components of Home Economics offers a lot of career opportunities to students upon graduation which includes fabrics and cloth dyeing, batik and clothing renovation using colour (dye), (Esiowu & Obunadike, 2017). If these goals must be achieved, dyes should be in sustainable supply.

Dyes are coloured chemical substances which can be bound to a fibre to alter the colour of that fibre. Dyes are also an organic chemical component which imparts colours to other materials by saturating them in an aqueous solution (Madichie, 2013). Dyes are organic chemical compounds that provide colour changes to fibers and fabrics (Onuorah, 2014). Dyes offer us beauty and chance for self-expression. A quality dye should among other factors, be soluble in water resulting in evenness of shade or level dyeing in fabric colouration, have pleasant odour on the fabric, colourfast, organoleptically appealing and as well have commendable quality of sticking to fabrics to avoid crocking, Grayness or Crystals (Finar, in Ozougwu & Anyakoaha, 2016). Crocking is an indication that the dye is not well absorbed or firmly attached to the fabric. Grayness or crystals of dyes on fabric’s surface implies uneven or un-level dyeing which is unacceptable to clothing and fabric consumers (Grollier, 2015).  Dye is a crucial raw materials or processing chemicals required in the paper, photography, Clothing and Textiles, leather and leather products industries (Grollier, 2015). Dyes can be used at home and in Educational institutions. In Clothing and Textiles industries, dyes are used to impart colours and to give aesthetic finishes to fabric (Onuorah, 2014). In Educational institution dyes are very essential instructional materials for skill acquisition in Home Economics, Arts and Crafts related courses such as Clothing and Textiles, Textiles Designs, Allied and Advanced Allied Craft courses. Dyes can begotten from natural and synthetic sources. Natural dyes are extracted from animals, plants, and minerals. Animal dyes include among others, shell fish, sea mollusks of the family muricidae. Plant dyes are equally extracted from root, Leaves, stigmata of saffron plant, logwood tree. Mineral dyes include different colours of chrome for instance, chrome, and green, red and yellow (Madichie, 2013). Plants dyes are usually extracted by mechanical processes such as pounding or squeezing, boiling, grinding, crushing, steeping. Recent development in liquid extraction from plants flowers, gum, calyces, resins, leaves and parts that cannot be extracted by other means can be done using organic solvent like ethanol, acteone and methanol (Douglas, 2011). Boiling, steeping and organic solvent extraction techniques were adopted in this study to determine their effects on the type of dyes extracted for Clothing and Textiles Education. Natural dye and synthetic dye are classified into two based on either their chemical composition or based on application. A particular dye could be placed in one or more groups. However, Madichie, (2013) classified dyes according to their application and they include acid, azoic, vat, sulphur, direct, disperse, organic and mordant dye. Hence, mordant application was usedin the study.

Mordant is a French word meaning to bite,it is a chemical element that fastens the rate of chemical reaction taking place between a natural dye and a fibre (Onuorah, 2014). A mordant aids the fixation of colours since it penetrates into the fabric and gives the natural dyes something to fix on. Aluminum sulfates (Alum), sodium chloride (common salt), vinegar, citric acid, chromic acid, tannic acid, ferrous sulfate are some example of mordants used in dyeing. The mordant adheres to the fiber and the dye would then adhere to the treated fiber. More so, for any substance to be called a dye, it must have a suitable colour, a good dye on fabric must show reasonable fastness to sunlight and resistant to the action of water, dilute acids, alkalis, rubbing, detergents and other organic solvents used in laundering and dry-cleaning. A good dye must also be acceptable to consumers (Lilly, 2010).

Acceptability isan attribute of a dye that can be seen, touched or felt, perceived or smelt and therefore involves the senses of sight, touch or feel and smell. The colour, texture, odour and evenness of shade or level dyeing are all components that should be acceptable to the consumers as attributes of a dye on cotton fabric. The colour of a dye in fabrics or clothing is an important factor in the choice and selection of ClothingandTextiles items and accessories. Hue, value, chroma or intensity are aspects of colour (Lilly, 2010). Hue is the wavelength reflected from a material. Hue is the name of a colour family (red, blue, green) and may be warm or cool. Warm hues are red, yellow, orange as found in the sun rays and fire while cool hues are those found in water (Blue, Green and Violet) (Kolender, 2013). Value involes the lightness or darkness of a colour while Chroma or intensity explains the purity of a colour expressed as the strength or weakness, dullness or brightness or the degree of saturation of a colour. High chroma in colours makes a colour pure, strong, brilliant and saturated and is thus preferred in the choice of dye source than low chroma in colours which makes the colour mute, weak, grayed and dull and less acceptable in the dyeing of fabrics.  Kolender, (2013) emphasized that each hue in the colour wheel is presented at its fullest and purest chroma or intensity meaning that the colour is at its greatest saturation and brightness; thus can be said to be at the peak of its brilliance. Texture is a sensory impression involving touch and sight (Marshal et al., 2000). The same dyes applied on different textures produce different colours showing that different texture absorb light differently which can change or alter the colour of the fabric. The tactile, feel or hand‟ aspect of texture in fabrics includes the coarseness, softness or crispness and rigidity are often influenced by the type of dye used in fabric colouration(Win & Swe, 2008).

Fabric colouration or dyeing (fabrics treatment) is a method of adding colour to fibre, yarn or fabric. Dyeing is used to form a design on cloths (Madichie, 2013). Fabric dyeing and printing colouration techniques are vital aspects of Clothing and Textiles components of Home Economics programme. Fiber, garment dyeing, batik and their variations are indispensable career opportunity areas that equip students with relevant entrepreneurial skills. Dyeing fabrics with indigenous natural dye extracts has been a popular traditional craft among many Nigerians including the Nupe and Hausas in the North, the TIVs in the middle belt region, the Yoruba’s in the south especially around Oshogbo “Home of Dyeing” (Janseen and Cardon, 2016). However, Madichie, (2013) went further to say that indigo dyes extracted from various species of Indigofera (the indigo bearing plants) is the often used because of its affordability, richness and availability. Indigo dyes have been extensively and successfully used in dyeing from prehistoric time until 1856, when first synthetic dye was developed (Spenser, 2011). The appearance of synthetic dyes caused an almost disappearance of natural one in commercial dyeing and scientific attention. Janseen and Cardon, (2016) stated that in tropical Africa, small scale dyeing with natural dyes persisted only very locally and often escape attention in ethno botanical reports.

Presently, the interest in natural dyes is increasing worldwide mainly because natural dyes are less polluting, non- carcinogenic and non toxic unlike the synthetic counterparts (Apparel Search Company, 2014). Natural dyes are indigenous plants/leaves that contain pigments or colouring matter capable of coloring fabrics.

           Fabrics are those material made through waving; knitting, spreading and crocheting. Anene- Okeakwa, (2011) stated that fabric is the actual material woven from a variety of yarns, byknitting, plaiting, braiding or felting. Fabricsare material made up of a natural or manufactured fibre formed by weaving, knitting or other fabrication methods. Madichie and Ezeoguine, (2000) stated that fabrics are produced from the yarn by either knitting or weaving. The major natural fibre fabrics are cotton, linen, silk, and wool while synthetic fibre fabrics are nylon, polyester, and acrylics among others (Obunadike, 2013). The nature of fibre determines to a great extent the type of dye the fabrics will have affinity for, though mordants help to improve dye ability or affinity for fabrics. Fabrics can accept natural colours (dyes) when a mordant is being added to it. Eariler works on dye extraction were on Rhjzoma Coptidis (Ke, et al 2006), Roselle (Ozougwu & Anyakoha, 2016), Plantain trunk Juice (Hannah, 2014), Flowers (Saha & Datta, 2010), Henna leaf (Rahman & Hgue, 2007) and AfricanMarigold (Jothi, 2008). None has been done so far done on curry, Roselle and bitter leaf for teaching Clothingand Textiles in Colleges of Education South-East. The present work therefore aims at investigating the acceptability of the indigenous (curry, roselle and bitter leaf) plant dyes on cotton fabric in Colleges of Education in South-East, Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Dyeing techniques is a vital aspect of Clothing and Textilescomponents of Home Economics Education. Fibre, yarn, fabric and garment dyeing and their variations are indispensable career opportunity or job oriented areas that equip students with relevant entrepreneurial skills that prepare them for the world of work. Dyes are very crucial raw consumables or instructional materials required for effective teaching and learning of Clothing and Textiles and for skill acquisitions in the coloration techniques. No fabric dyeing in Clothing and Textiles industries can be successfully carried out without one form of dye or the other.Obviously, the supply of localdyes as an important process in the production of textiles for Clothing and Textiles sector are low and scarce and fail to meet the need of the sector(Onwualu, 2006).Many of the synthetic dyes imported into the country are not environmental friendly and pose threat to human life. Presently, in Nigeria, funding for many schools is a great challenge and the inability of the schools to provide instructional materials and consumables such as dyes in sustainable supply poses threats to practical work, Practical exercises are often skipped or stalled and students will not acquire the needed skills that will promote entrepreneurship in Home Economics Education. Consequently, students may graduate without acquiring the necessary practical skills in Clothing and Textiles program which could launch them into relevant clothing related entrepreneurial activities. This is a problem. It then becomes necessary to evolve workable ways of sourcing dyes locally which students can use for their practical work.

Natural dyes are locally and readily available. They are cheaper, more human health and environmentally friendly and then can provide an array of exquisite and interesting colours for dyeing both natural and synthetic fabrics which can be generally accepted by the consumers. Abundant species of potential dye yielding plants abound in Nigeria. These however have remained largely unexplored. Teachers and students of Clothing and Textiles Education at Colleges of Education have to be encouraged to explore the indigenous plants for natural dyes through classroom experiments. The reverse often becomes the cases. The exploration and use of indigenous dyes will among others promote effective teaching and learning of Clothing and Textiles for skills acquisition and contribute effectively in ensuring sustainable supply of dyes for both small and large scale Clothing and Textiles industries as well home makers. It then becomes imperative to explore the indigenous plants for dye extraction. This present study therefore extracts dyes from three indigenous plants; curry leaf (Murraya Koenigii Spreng) roselle calyces (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) and bitter leaf (vernonia amygdalina) locally which students can use for their practical work. Hence the need for this study.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to determine the acceptability of indigenous dyes (Curry, Roselle and Bitter leaf) on cotton fabric in Colleges of Education in South- East, Nigeria. Specifically, the study:

1.      extracted dyes from curry, roselle and bitter leaf plants using boiling, steeping and organic solvent(acetone) extraction techniques.

2.      applied the extracted dyes on cotton fabric.

3.      tested thecolour fastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabricdyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling extraction techniques.

4.      tested the colourfastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping extraction techniques.

5.      tested the colour fastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by organic solvent extraction techniques.

6.      assessed the acceptability indexes of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling extraction techniques.

7.      assessed the acceptability indexes of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping extraction techniques.

8.      assessed the acceptability indexes of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by organic solvent extraction techniques.

1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.      What are the colour fastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabricdyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling extraction techniques?

2.      Whatare the colour fastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping extraction techniques?

3.      Whatare the colour fastness to washing properties of alum mordanted cotton fabrics dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent extraction techniques?

4.      What are the acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling on cotton fabric mordanted with alum?

5.      What are the acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping extraction techniqueson cotton fabric mordanted with alum?

6.      What are the acceptability indexes of curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent on cotton fabric mordanted with alum?

1.5       HYPOTHESES

Ho₁:     there is no significant difference in the mean rating of colourfastness between the mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling respectively and conventional dye (vat dye).

Ho₂:     there is no significant difference in the mean rating ofcolourfastness between the mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping respectively and conventional dye (vat dye). 

Ho₃:     there is no significant difference in the mean rating of colourfastness between the mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent respectively and conventional dye (vat dye).

Ho₄:     there is no significant difference in the mean rating of the acceptability indexes between the mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by boiling respectively and conventional dye (vat dye).

Ho₅:     there is no significant difference in the mean rating of the acceptability indexes between the the mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by steeping respectively and conventional dye (vat dye).

Ho₆:there is no significant difference in the mean rating of the acceptability indexex between mordanted (alum) samples of cotton fabric dyed with curry, roselle and bitter leaf dyes extracted by acetone organic solvent respectively and conventional dye (vat dye).

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study can be of immense benefits to the students and teachers of Clothing and Textiles Education, Sciences and Arts and Crafts, Garment and Textiles Manufacturing industries, Agriculturist, as well as Home makers and Artisans (Home dyers) and individuals who may want to venture into dye sourcing or dyeing enterprise.

The students and teachers; the studycan be beneficial to Students and Teachers of Clothing and Textiles Education, Arts and Craftand Sciences, the study can help them tobe able to explore common plants in their environment to produce different colours of dyesby engaging in this type of practical and experimental research, so that teaching and learning will not only be more relevant, concrete and effective but will equip students to acquire or process skill to excel as researchers or scientists. Again dyes may be more readily available and affordable for teaching and learning of Clothing and TextilesEducation beginning from Primary,Secondary and Tertiary levels.The study canalso help Clothing and Textiles students to develop interest in skill acquisition on printing and dyeing which will prepare them for world of work upon graduation or for wealth creation and for self reliance.

The garment and textiles manufacturing industries can find theoutcome of this study very useful, in ensuring regular supply of dye for Textiles and Garment production. Sustainable supply of dye to the industry will enhance mass production of quality textiles and garments which in turn will increase the industries and Nation foreign reserves through exportation of those textiles and garments produced. Ensuring regular supply of dye to the textiles and garments manufacturing industries and other related industries that utilize dye invariable may be a plus to the Nation whose major focus is actualizing the vision of ensuring sustainable local sourcing of industrial raw materials to substitute the imported ones.Natural dyes are biodegradable and therefore environmental friendly. Theutilization will contribute immensely to the reduction of the devastating effect of the environmental pollution and health hazards caused by some synthetic dyes maintaining a safe and clean environment is a favorable condition for the agriculturists to go into mass cultivation and production of dye yielding plants.

To the agriculturistthe findings from this work can inspire themto take up cultivation of dye yielding plants as a lucrative enterprise. This may therefore create employment opportunity, wealth creation and a source of livelihood. This may be done by feeding or supplying the textiles and garment manufacturing industries with the leaves, bark, wood, seeds, berries, resins and flowers of plants who will undertake the production of the dyes through their textiles chemist.            

Furthermore, individuals (Home dyes), home maker, small and medium scale business owners in dyeing enterprises can find the findings of the study useful, by using extraction processes to extract dye for clothing maintenance and renovation. This will not only enable home makers gain maximum valuefortheir money’s worth on their fairly used clothing and textiles items but could be an income generating enterprise through home dyeing of newly purchased fabrics or garments using natural dyes from plants origin. Finally, the findings of this study can provide baseline information for future researchers on dye extraction from other indigenous plant species.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is delimited to dye extraction from curry, roselle and bitter leaf indigenous plants. It is also delimited to three different techniques which includes, boiling, steeping and use of organic solvent to determine their effects on the dyes produced. The extracted dyes from curry leaf, roselle calyces and bitter leaf plants were applied to the cotton fabric using plain coloration techniques. Aluminum sulfate (Alum) was used for the fabrics pre – mordanting and conventional dye as a control. To test the quality of dyes produced, acceptability evaluation of the dyed cotton fabricwas conducted. The study was also delimited to Lecturers in Home Economics from the Colleges of Education in South East. South-East, Nigeria comprised of five states namely: Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo State.

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